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INCENDIARY, in law. A bare attempt to set fire to another's dwelling-house, or out-houses, barn, or stable, unless it absolutely burns, does not fall within the description of incendit et combussit. But the burning and consuming of any part is sufficient; though the fire be afterwards extinguished. It must also be a malicious burning; otherwise it is only a trespass. This crime is called arson. Among the ancients incendiaries were burnt. The punishment of arson was death by the ancient Saxon laws and Gothic constitutions; and, in the reign of Edward I., incendiaries were burnt to death. The stat. 8 Hen. VI., c. 6, made the wilful burning of houses, under special circumstances, high treason; but it was reduced to felony by the general acts of Edward VI. and Mary I. This offence was denied the benefit of clergy by 21 Hen. VIII. c. 1, which statute was repealed by 1 Edw. VI. c. 12; and arson was held to be ousted of clergy, with respect to the principal, by inference from the stat. 4 and 5 P. & M. c. 4, which expressly denied it to the accessory; though now it is expressly denied to the principal also, by 9 Geo. I. c. 22. See ARSON.

INCENSE, OF FRANKINCENSE, a dry resinous rich perfume, with which the Pagans and Roman Catholics perfume their temples, altars, &c. The word comes from the Latin incensum q. d. burnt. The burning of incense made part of the daily service of the ancient Jewish church. The priests drew lots to know who should offer it: the destined person took a large silver dish, in which was a censer full of incense; and, being accompanied by another priest carrying some live coals from the altar, went into the temple. There, in order to give notice to the people, they struck upon an instrument of brass placed between the temple and the altar; and, being returned to the altar, he who brought the fire left it there, and went away. Then the offerer of the incense waited till the burning of the holocaust; immediately upon which he set fire to the incense. The quantity of incense offered each day was half a pound in the morning, and as much at night. One reason of this continual burning of incense might be, that the effluvia of the multitude of victims continually offered up might have inspired the worshippers rather with disgust and aversion, than awe and reverence, had it not been overpowered by the fragrance of those perfumes.

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though of no magnitude themselves, are yet capable of producing such as are. Thus a point has no magnitude itself, but is inceptive of a line which it produces by its motion. So a line, though it have no breadth, is yet inceptive of breadth; that is, it is capable, by its motion, of producing a surface which has breadth, &c. INCERTITUDE, n. s. Fr. incertitude; Lat. incertitudo. Uncertainty; doubtfulness. INCES'SANT, adj. ¿ Lat. in and cessans. INCES'SANTLY, adv. Unceasing; without intermission; continual; uninterrupted.

Mercie shall I purchase by incessant crying;
The mercies of our Lorde, er, shall I syng.
Chaucer. The Remedie of Love.

Both his hands most filthy feculent,
Above the water were on high extent,
And fained to wash themselves incessantly.

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INCEST, by the rules of the church, was formerly most absurdly extended even to the seventh degree; but it is now restricted to the third or fourth. Most nations look on incest with horror, Persia and Egypt excepted. In the history of the ancient kings of those countries we meet with instances of brothers marrying their sisters, because they thought it too mean to join in alliance with their own subjects, and still more so to marry into any foreign family. Vortigern, king of South Britain, equalled or rather exceeded them in wickedness, by marrying his own daughter. The late queen of Portugal was married to her uncle, and the prince of Brasil, the son of that incestuous marriage, was wedded to his aunt. But they had dispensations for these marriages from his holiness!

INCEST, SPIRITUAL, is an ideal crime committed between persons who have a spiritual alliance by means of baptism or confirmation. This ridiculous fancy was made use of, as an instrument of great tyranny, in times when the power of the pope was unlimited, even queens being sometimes divorced upon this pretence.

INCEST, SPIRITUAL, is also understood of a vicar, or other beneficiary, who enjoys both the mother and daughter; that is, holds two benefices, one whereof depends upon the collation of the other. Such spiritual incest renders both the one and the other of these benefices vacant.

INCH, n.s., v. a., & v. n.~
INCHED', adj.
IN'CHIPIN, n. s.

Sax. ince; Lat. uncia. A measure of length supposed INCH MEAT, n. S. equal to three grains of barley laid end to end the twelfth part of a foot; a proverbial name for a small quantity; a nice point of time: inch, to drive by inches; to give sparingly inched, containing inches in length or breadth: inchipin, some of the inside of a deer: inchmeal, a piece an inch long. Beldame, I think, we watched you at an inch. Shakspeare.

The plebeians have got your fellow tribune; They'll give him death by inches. Id. Coriolanus. Poor Tom, proud of heart to ride on a bay trotting horse over four inched bridges. Id. King Lear. All the' infections that the sun sucks up From bogs, fens, flats, on Prospero fall, and make

him

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called Lough Swilly, and contains about 2000 acres of fertile land." It was formerly the chief resort of the Lough Swilly herring fishery: but this has now declined. It is six miles north-west from Londonderry.

INCHBALD (Mrs. Elizabeth), was the daughter of Mr. J. Simpson, a farmer of Stanningfield, in Suffolk, where she was born in the year 1756. She came to London on the death of her father, and when only sixteen years of age, with a view to obtain a theatrical engagement; where attracting the attention of Mr. Inchbald, then a performer of some note, they married, and she accompanied her husband on several professional tours. After his death she made her debut October 3rd, 1780, at Covent Garden, as Bellario in the play of Philaster. Here she continued about eight years, and from those personal attractions which she retained to a late period, united with considerable natural talents, she was very popular. Retiring from the stage, in 1789, she devoted herself to those literary labors for which she is equally known. Her works consist of A Mogul Tale, a farce, 1784; I'll tell you what, a comedy; Appearance is against them, and the Widow's Vow, farces, 1786; The Child of Nature, a dramatic piece; The Midnight Hour, a farce; Such Things are, a play, 1788; The Married Man, a comedy, 1789; Next door Neighbours, a comedy; and, A Simple Story, a novel, in four 12mo. vols. in 1791: Every one has his Fault, a comedy, 1793; Wedding Day, a comedy, 1794; Nature and Art, a novel, in two vols. 12mo., 1796; Wives as they were, and Maids as they are, a comedy, 1797; Lover's Vows; a play from the German of Kotzebue, 1798; Wise Man of the East, a comedy, 1799; and to Marry and not to Marry, 1805. She also edited the British Theatre, with biographical and critical remarks, in 25 vols. 12mo., during the period from 1806 to 1809; a similar collection of popular farces, in seven vols. 12mo., and The Modern Theatre, in ten vols. 1809. She died at Kensington, August 1st, 1821, in her sixty-sixth year, having preserved throughout life an unblemished reputation.

INCH-COLM, or Columba, the isle of Columba; an island in the frith of Forth, famous for its monastery. This monastery was founded in 1123, by Alexander I., on the following occasion: In passing the frith of Forth he was overtaken with a violent storm, which drove him to this island, where he met with the most hospitable reception from a poor hermit, then residing here in the chapel of St. Columba, who, for the three days that the king continued there tempest bound, entertained him with the milk of his cow, and a few shell-fish. The king, from the sense of the danger he had escaped, and in gratitude to the saint to whom he attributed his safety, vowed some token of respect; and accordingly founded here a monastery of Augustines, and dedicated it to St. Columba. Allan de Mortimer lord Aberdour, who attended Edward III. in his Scottish expedition, bestowed half of those lands on the monks of this island for the privilege of a family burial place in their church. The buildings made in consequence of the piety of Alexander were very considerable. There are still to be seen a large square tower belonging to the church, the

ruins of the church, and of several other buildings. The wealth of this place in the time of Edward III. proved so strong a temptation to his fleet, then lying in the Forth, that the English landed, and spared not even the furniture more immediately consecrated to divine worship. But, in a storm which instantly followed, many of them perished; those who escaped vowed to make ample recompense to the injured saint. The tempest ceased; and they made the promised atonement. The Danish monument, figured by Sir Robert Sibbald, lies on the south-east side of the building on a rising ground. It is of a rigid form, and the surface ornamented with scale-like figures. At each end is the representation of a human head.

INCH-EFFRAY, Gael. i. e. the isle of masses, an ancient abbey of Perthshire, now in ruins, seated on a rising ground, formerly surrounded by the water of the Po, and belonging to the earl of Kinnoul. It was endowed with many privileges by David I. and Alexander III. Mauritius, abbot of Inch-Effray, was at the battle of Bannockburn. The property of this ancient abbey, and six or seven acres of ground adjacent, constitute lord Kinnoul patron of twelve parishes that were formerly attached to it.

INCH-GARVIE, a small island in the frith of Forth, near Queensferry. It was anciently forified, and after the alarm occasioned by the appearance of Paul Jones and his squadron in the frith in 1779, its fortifications were repaired, and four iron guns, twenty pounders, mounted upor them, and furnished with 100 rounds of ammunition each. An artillery man resides upon it,

to take care of the stores.

INCH-KEITH, a small island in the frith of Forth, half way between Leith and Kinghorn. Its name was derived from the gallant Keith, who so greatly signalised himself by his valor in 1010, in the battle of Barry, in Angus, against the Danes; after which he received in reward the barony of Keith in Lothian, and this little isle. In 1549 the English fleet, sent by Edward VI. to assist the lords of the congregation against the queen dowager, lauded, and began to fortify this island, of the importance of which they grew sensible, after their neglect of securing the port of Leith so lately in their power. They left here five companies to cover the workmen under the command of Cotterel; but their operations were soon interrupted by M. Desse, general of the French auxiliaries, who took the place, after a gallant defence on the part of the English. The Scots kept possession for some years; but at last the fortifications were destroyed by act of parliament, to prevent it from being of any use to the former.

IN'CHOATE, v. a. & adj.
INCHOA'TION, n.s.
INCHO ATIVE, adj.
mencement of any work.

Latin, inchoo. To begin or unSdertake: the com

It discerneth of four kinds of causes; forces, frauds, crimes various of stellionate, and the inchoations or middle acts towards crimes capital, not actually perpetrated. Bacon. It is neither a substance perfect, nor a substance inchoate, or in the way of perfection.

Raleigh's History.

The setting on foot some of those arts in those parts would be looked upon as the first inchoation of them, which yet would be but their reviving. Hale's Origin of Mankind. INCHOFEN, or INCHOFER (Melchior, a learned Jesuit, born at Vienna in 1584. After studying the law, he joined the Jesuits in 1607. He taught philosophy and mathematics at Messina, and published The Blessed Virgin Mary's Letter to the people of Messina proved to be genuine folio, 1630. This work excited great disturbances. Complaints were preferred against him before the congregation of the Index at Rome, on account of this publication. He immediately repaired to the city. vindicated himself, and was allowed to reprint his work, with a small alteration in the title. He wrote several other works, particularly a satire on the Jesuits: and died at Milan, in 1648.

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INCIDENT, adj. & n. s. cident, casually: in-
INCIDENTAL, adj.
INCIDENTALLY, adv.
INCIDENTLY, adv.

cidental, accidental; casual; unexpected; apt to happen: incidental, not intended; not necessary to the chief purpose: incidently, occasionally; by the bye.

posed of by general laws, so likewise men's rarer inAs the ordinary course of common affairs is disequity considered. cident necessities and utilities should be with special Hooker.

In mirrours there is the like angle of incidence, from the object of the glass, and from the glass to the eye.

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The permanent whiteness argues, that in like incidences of the rays there is no such separation of the emerging rays. Newton.

By some, religious duties scarce appear to be regarded at all, and by others only as an incidental business, to be done when they have nothing else to Rogers. The menses are promoted by all saponaceous substances, which incide the mucus in the first passages. Arbuthnot.

do.

In a complex proposition the predicate or subject is sometimes made complex by the pronouns who, which, whose, whom, &c., which make another proposition : Here as, every man, who is pious, shall be saved. the whole proposition is called the primary or chief, and the additional proposition is called an incidental Watts. proposition. To one who has read the second book of Virgil, Voltaire's Massacre of St. Bartholomew will appear very trifling. It is uninteresting and void of incident; the horrors of it arise upon reflection.

Beattie.

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I observed in the fixt salt of urine, brought by depuration to be very white, a taste not unlike common salt, and very differing from the caustick lixiviate taste of other salts made by incineration. Boyle. INCIRCUMSPECTION, n.s. In and circumspection. Want of caution; want of heed.

An unexpected way of delusion, whereby he more easily led away the incircumspection of their belief.

INCISED', adj. INCISION, n. s. INCISIVE, adj. INCI'SOR, n. s. INCI'SURE, n. 8.

Browne.

Fr. inciser; Lat. incisus.
A cut; any wound made

by a cutting instrument:
a surgical term; division

incisive, having the quality of cutting or dividing incisor, a cutter; the teeth in the fore part of the mouth: incisure, a cut; an aperture.

Let us make incision for your love,

To prove whose blood is reddest, his or mine. Shakspeare. God help thee, shallow man : God make incision in thee, thou art raw. Id. As You Like It. Abstersion is a scouring off, or incision of viscous humours, and making them fluid, and cutting between them and the part; as in nitrous water, which scoureth linen. Bacon.

The colour of many corpuscles will cohere by being precipitated together, and be destroyed by the effusion of very piercing and incisive liquors. Boyle.

The reception of one is as different from the admission of the other, as when the earth falls open under the incisions of the plough, and when it gapes to drink in the dew of heaven, or the refreshments of a shower. South. Wiseman.

I brought the incised lips together. A small incision knife is more handy than a larger for opening the bag. Sharp's Surgery.

In some creatures it is wide, in some narrow, in some with a deep incisure up into the head, for the better catching and holding of prey, and comminuting of hard food.

INCITATION, n. s. INCITE', v. a.

INCITE'MENT, N. S.

Derham.

Lat. incito, incitatio. Incitement; incentive; motive; impulse; the act of inciting; the power of inciting; to stir up; to animate; to urge on: incitement, motive; impulse; cause of action.

A marvel it were, if a man of great capacity, having such incitements to make him desirous of all furtherances unto his cause, could espy in the whole scripture of God nothing which might breed at the least a probable opinion of likelihood, that divine authority was the same way inclinable. Hooker.

How many now in health
Shall drop their blood, in approbation
Of what your reverence shall incite us to?
Shakspear.

No blown ambition doth our arms incite;
But love, dear love, and our aged father's right.
Id.

Antiochus, when he incited Prusias to join in war, set before him the greatness of the Romans, comparing it to a fire, that took and spread from kingdom to kingdom. Bacon.

Hartlib seems sent hither by some good providence, to be the occasion and incitement of great good to this island. Milton.

What if the sun Be centre to the world, and other stars, By his attractive virtue and their own Incited, dance about him various rounds. Id. Paradise Lost. Dr. Ridley defines magnetical attraction to be a natural incitation and disposition conforming unto contiguity, an union of one magnetical body unto Browne's Vulgar Errours. The multitude of objects do proportionably multiply both the possibilities and incitations.

another.

Government of the Tongue. If thou must reform the stubborn times, From the long records of distant age Derive incitements to renew thy rage.

Pope's Statius.

Nature and common reason, in all difficulties, where prudence or courage are required, do rather incite us to fly for assistance to a single person than a Swift.

Ja incite us to

VOL. XI.

2 X

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Abstain from dissolute laughter, uncomely jests, loud talking and jeering, which, in civil account, are Taylor. called indecencies and incivilities.

He does offend against that reverence which is due to the common apprehensions of mankind, whether

true or not, which is the greatest incivility.

Tillotson. Swell, curled waves, high as Jove's roof; Your incivility doth shew, That innocence is tempest proof.

L'Estrange. Old Song. INCLEDON (Benjamin Charles), a late eminent vocalist, was born at St. Keveram, in Cornwall, in 1764, his father being a member of the faculty. The fine tones of his voice, and his early taste for music, induced his parents to article him to the celebrated Jackson of Exeter cathedral until he had attained his fifteenth year. He then took an opportunity to quit Exeter abruptly, and entered as a common sailor on board the Formidable, a ninety-eight gun ship, comnanded by captain Cleland. He remained in the navy about five years; where his vocal abilities attracting the notice of his officers, especially of lord Mulgrave (then captain Phipps), and admirals Pigott and Hervey, he was advised to try his fortune on the stage; and they gave him letters of recommendation to both Sheridan and Colman. He, however, made his first appearance before an audience in Collins's Southampton Company, in 1783, as Alphonso, in the Castle of Andalusia. At Bath, the following year, he was introduced to the acquaintance of Rauzzini, who gave him the great benefit of his instructions. October, 1790, he first appeared in London, at Covent Garden theatre, and played with great success the character of Dermot, in O'Keefe's farce of the Poor Soldier. Justice was now amply awarded him by the public; and a high degree of popularity attended him, till the infirmities of his advancing years, and an irregular mode of life, compelled him to retire. His voice, a rich tenor of extraordinary power and sweetness, embraced a compass of about fourteen notes in the natural, and ten notes in falsetto; his intonation also was singularly correct. The better sort of the old English ballad was his forte, of which Stevens's Storm, and Gay's Blackeyed Susan, were amongst his best specimens. Shield wrote many airs expressly for him. died at Worcester 11th of February, 1826, and was buried at Hampstead.

He

INCLEM'ENCY, n. s. Į Lat. in and clemens, INCLEMENT, adj. Unmerciful; cruel; severe; rough; unpitying: it is used more frequently of things than men.

Teach us further by what means to shun The' inclement seasons, rain, ice, hail, and snow. Milton.

And, though by tempests of the prize bereft, In heaven's inclemency some ease we find: Our foes we vanquished by our valour left. Dryden.

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INCLINABLE, adj.) Lat. inclino, inclinaINCLINATION, n.s. | bilis; Gr. khavn. HavINCLINATORY, adj. Sing a propension of INCLINATORILY, adv. | will; favorably disINCLINE', v. n. & c. a.) posed; willing; tending by disposition: with to. Inclination, tendency towards any point; natural aptness; propension of mind; disposition or desire; love; affection; regard; disposition: used with to, for the tendency of the magnetic needle to east or west. In pharmacy, the act by which a clear liquor is poured off from some faces or sediment by only stooping the vessel, which is also called decantation. Inclinatory, and inclinatorily, obliquely; with inclination to one side or the other: incline, to tend; to lean; to give tendency or direction to any place or state; to attend; to bend; to in

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