fur is of a reddish-gray color, like that of the wild rabbit; the throat, breast, and belly, being white; all over the body a number of long, strong, and polished hairs, are scattered among the fur. The body and head of the individual described by Mr. Bruce measured seventeen inches; the ears are broad, open, and rounded; each side of the mouth is garnished with long whiskers: in walking, which is performed creeping low with the belly almost touching the ground, the hind feet are used as far as the heel; all the toes have short, broad, weak, flat nails, except the inner toe of the hind foot, which is provided with a flat crooked nail somewhat longer than the rest; the soles of the feet are formed of fleshy naked protuberances divided by furrows. It lives mostly about the mouths of caves or clefts in rocks, is gregarious, feeds entirely on vegetables, is mild, fecble, timid, and easily tamed, and has no voice or cry. Mr. Bruce is of opinion, that this animal is the gannim, or daman Israel, of the Arabs, and the saphan of sacred Scripture, which has erroneously been translated the rabbit. Its flesh is very white, but is not eaten by the Abyssinians or Mahommedans. He is also of opinion, that it ruminates, or chews the cud.

HYRCANIA, in ancient geography, a country of the Farther Asia, lying south-east of the Mare Hyrcanum; with Media on the east, Parthia on the south, and Margiana on the west, famous for its tigers, vines, figs, and olives.

HYRCANIA, the metropolis of the above country, thought to be the Tape of Strabo, the Syrinx of Polybius, the Zeudracarta of Arrian, and the Asaac of Isidorus Characenus.

HYRCANIA, an ancient town of Lydia, in the campus Hyrcanus, near Thyatira; destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius; so called from colonists from Hyrcania. The people were called Hyrcani Macedones, because mixed with Macedonians.

HYRST,

HURST,

Are all from the Saxon þýnre, HERST. Sa wood or grove.

by slips or cuttings, or by seeds. The leaves have an aromatic smell, and a warm pungent taste. Besides the general virtues of aromatics, they are particularly recommended in humoral asthmas, coughs, and other disorders of the breast and lungs; and are said to promote expectoration greatly. Hyssop was generally used in purifications amongst the Jews by way of sprinkling. Sometimes they add a little wool to it of a scarlet color. They dipped a bunch of hyssop, some branches of cedar and red wool, in water mingled with the blood of a bird, in purifying lepers.

HYSTASPES, a noble Persian of the royal race of the Achaemenides, the father of king Darius I. He was the first who introduced the learning and sciences of the Indian Brahmins into Persia. Ctesias says he was killed by a fall from a mountain, whither he had gone to see a royal monument erected by Darius.

HYSTERIA, or the hysteric affection, from vsɛpa, the womb, a disease in women, called also suffocation of the womb, and vulgarly fits of the mother. It is a spasmodico-convulsive affection of the nervous system, proceeding from the womb. See MEDICINE, Index. HYSTERICAL, adj. Gr. ὑτερικός. Fits HYSTER'IC, adj. of women, supposed HYSTER'ICS, n. s. Sto proceed from dis

orders in the womb: a state troubled with these disorders.

In hysterick women the rarity of symptoms doth oft strike an astonishment into spectators. Harvey. Many hysterical women are sensible of wind passing from the womb. Floyer on the Humours. Parent of vapours, and of female wit, Who gave the hysterick or poetic fit. Pope. This terrible scene made too violent an impression upon a woman in her condition, and threw her into a strong hysterick fit. Arbuthnot and Pope.

A kind of wild and horrid glee,
Half epileptical and half hysterical.

The hyssop of Solomon cannot be well conceived to be our common hyssop; for that is not the least of vegetables observed to grow upon walls; but rather some kind of capillaries, which only grow upon walls and stony places.

Browne.

It hath been a great dispute, whether the hyssop commonly known is the same which is mentioned in Scripture.

Miller.

HYSSOP. See HYSSOPUS. HYSSOP, HEDGE. See GRATIOLA. HYSSOP, MOUNTAIN. See THYMBRA. HYSSOPUS, hyssop; a genus of the gymnospermia order, didynamia class of plants. There are three species; but only one of them is cultirated for use: viz.

H. officinalis, the common hyssop: it has under shrubby, low, bushy stalks, growing a foot and a half high; small, spear-shaped, close-setting, opposite leaves, with several smaller ones rising from the same joint: and all the stalks and branches terminated by erect whorled spikes of flowers of different colors in the varieties. They are very hardy plants; and may be propagated either

the part of any sentence which should naturally come first is placed last: as in this of Terence, Valet et vivit, for vivit et valet: and in the following of Virgil, Moriamur, et in media arma ruamus, for In media arma ruamus, et moria

mur.

HYSTRIX, in zoology, the porcupine, a genus of quadrupeds belonging to the order of glires. The characters are these: they have two fore teeth, obliquely divided both in the upper and under jaw, besides eight grinders; and the body is covered with quills or prickles. There are five species, viz.

1. H. cristata, the crested porcupine, has four toes on the fore feet, five on the hind feet, a crested head, a short tail, and the upper lip is divided like that of a hare. The length of the body is about two feet, and the height about two and a half. The body is covered with prickles, some of them nine or ten inches long, and about one-fourth of an inch thick. Like the hedgehog, he rolls himself up in a globular form, in which position he is proof against the attacks of the most rapacious animals. The prickles are

exceedingly sharp, and each of them has five large black and as many white rings, which succeed one another alternately from the root to the point. These quills the animals can erect or let down at pleasure; when irritated he beats the ground with his hind feet, erects his quills, shakes his tail, and makes a considerably rattling noise with his quills. Most authors have asserted that the porcupine, when irritated, darts his quills to a considerable distance against the enemy. But count Buffon and some other late naturalists, after repeatedly irritating him without effect, assure us, that he possesses no such power. He says, indeed, that when the creature was much agitated with passion, some of the quills, which adhered but slightly to the skin, would fail off, particularly from the tail; and this circumstance, he imagines, has given rise to the mistake. The porcupine, though originally a native of Africa and the Indies, can live and multiply in the more temperate climates of Spain and Italy. Pliny, and every other natural histonan since Aristotle, tell us, that the porcupine conceals itself during winter, and brings forth its young in eighty days. But these circumstances remain to this day uncertain. The porcupine, in a domestic state, is not a fierce or ill-natured animal; with his fore feet, which are strong and sharp, he can cut through a strong board; he eats bread, fruits, roots, &c.; he does considerable damage when he gets into a garden.

2. II. dorsata, or Canada porcupine, the urson of Buffon, has four toes on the fore feet, five on the hind feet; and has quills only on the back, which are short, and almost hid among the long hair. He is about two feet long. This species inhabits North America as high as Hudson's Bay; and makes its nest under the roots of great trees. It will also climb among the boughs, which the Indians cut down when one is in them, and kill the animal by striking it over the nose. They are very plentiful near Hudson's Bay; and many of the trading Indians depend on them for food. They feed on wild fruits and bark of trees, especially juniper; eat snow in winter, and drink water in summer, but avoid going into it. When they cannot avoid their pursuer, they will sidle towards him, in order to touch him with the quills, which seem but weak weapons of offence; for, on stroking the hair, they will come out of the skin sticking to the hand. The Indians stick them in their noses and ears, to make holes for the placing their car-rings and other inery: they also trim the edges of their deer-ski habits with fringes made of the quills, or cover

with them their bark boxes.

ii. H. dorsata alba, the white Canadian porcupine, is a variety mentioned by M. Pennant, of a uniform white color.

3. H. macroura has five toes both on the hind and fore fect; his tail is very long and the prickles are elevated. He inhabits the isles of the Indian Archipelago, and lives in the fo

rests.

4. II. Mexicana, the Mexican porcupine, the hoitzlacwitzin, or the coendon of Buffon, is of a dusky color, with very long bristles intermixed with the down: the spines three inches long, Slender, and varied with white and yellow;

scarcely apparent except on the tail, which Hernandez says is thicker and shorter than that of the prehensilis. He adds that the tail from the middle to the end is free from spines; and that he grows to the bulk of a middle-sized dog. His length is eighteen inches from the nose to the tail; the tail mine French measure, but taken from a mutilated skin. He inhabits the mountains of Mexico, lives on fruits, and may be easily tamed. The Indians pulverise the quills, and say they are very efficacious in gravelly cases; and applied whole to the forehead will relieve the most violent head-ache. They adhere ull filled with blood, and then drop off. Count Buffon confounds this species with the prehensilis, of which he makes it a third variety; but Pennant, who had seen a specimen, ranks it as a distinct species, in which he is followed by Kerr. 5. H. prehensilis, or the Brasilian porcupine, has four toes on the fore feet, five on the hind, and a long tail. It is considerably less than the cristata, being only seventeen inches long from the point of the muzzle to the origin of the tail, which is name inches long; and the legs and feet are covered with long brownish hair; the rest of the body covered with quills interspersed with long hair; the quills are about five inches long, and about one-twelfth of an inch in diameter. He feeds upon birds and small animals. He sleeps in the day like the hedge-hog, and searches for his food in the night. He climbs trees, and supports himself by twisting his tail round the branches. He is generally found in the high grounds of America from Brasil to Louisiana, and the southern parts of Canada. His flesh is esteemed very good food.

HYTHE, or HITHE, an old market town of Kent and one of the Cinque Ports, had formerly four churches, and was, according to Leland, a very great town in length.' At present it has neither port nor buildings of any moment; the beach being nearly a mile from the town.

Queen Elizabeth in the seventeenth year of her reign, granted a charter of incorporation to the mayor, twelve jurats, and twenty-four common-council men of the town and port of Hythe, who, with the freemen, making about 140 in number, choose the two barons or members of parliament, returned by the town.

The houses are chiefly situated in one long street, running parallel with the sea, but having smaller ones branching off at right angles. The court-hall and market-place are in the centre of the town; the latter was built by Philip viscount Strangford, who represented this port in parliament in the twelfth of Charles II. All the houses on the side of the hill have an uninterrupted view of the sea southward, Romney Marsh, and the adjacent country. The old market, on Saturdays, has been long disused, though the farmers have for some time held a meeting on Thursdays, for selling their corn.

There are two hospitals, or alms-houses, in the parish of Hythe; one called St. Bartholomew's, and the other St. John's. The former was founded by faimo, bishop of Rochester, about the year 1336, and is situated at a short distance south-westward from the church. There are ten poor persons, five men and five women, and 100

acres of land belonging to this foundation. It is under the management of three trustees, now called wardens, chosen by the mayor and corporation. The hospital of St. John is situated at the east end of the town in High Street. Its revenues are at present derived from fifty-four acres of land. The number and qualifications of the poor relieved are at the discretion of the trustees, and there are six apartments for their accommodation. The church is a spacious old structure, consisting of a nave, chancel, two aisles, and north and south transepts, with a tower at the west en l. From the centre rises a low tower, of early English architecture. It occupies a very elevated situation on the acclivity of the hill above the town. The room over the

I is the ninth letter in the alphabet, and considered both as a vowel and a consonant, though as the vowel and consonant differ in form as well as sound they may be more properly accounted two letters. It is called in the Hebrew, Jod; Chald. Jud; Arab. Je; Assyr. Jothim; Ægypt. Joquum, Jamin; Arm. Inni, Je, Jech; Gr. Iwra; Lat. I: it is a personal pronoun, answering to the Gr. yw, and Lat. ego; Goth. ik; Sax. ic; Dut. ich; as I, accusative me, from Gr. μɛ; plural we; accus. plu. us. Me is sometimes written for I, and I was often used in common conversation for yea, aye, yes I is the first person as opposed to all others, as I myself, used emphatically. I, at the beginning of a word in the common edition and even the MS. of Chaucer, often represents a corruption of the Sax. prepositive expletive particle Le, which, in some editions of his works, is represented by y.

Gen. xxxix. 9.

There is none greater in this house than I. Be of good cheer, it is I; be not afraid.

Matt, xiv, 27.

Thus, having passed the night in fruitless pain, I to my longing friends return again.

Dryden's Eneid. Sweet contemplation elevates my sense, While I survey the works of providence.

Of night impatient, we demand the day, The day arrives and for the night we pray.

Gay.

Blackmore. There is but one man whom she can have, and that is me. Clarissa.

I vowel has a long sound, as fine, thine, which is usually marked with an e final; and a short sound, as sin, thin. Prefixed to e it makes a diphthong of the same sound with the soft i, or double e, ee: thus field, yield, are spoken as feeld, yeeld; except friend, which is spoken frend. Subjoined to a or e it makes them long, as fail, neigh and to o makes a mingled sound, which approaches more nearly to the true notion of a dipthong, or sound composed of the sounds of two vowels, than any other combination of vowels in the English language, as oil, coin. The sound of i, before another i, and at the end of a word, is always expressed by y.

It is pronounced by throwing the breath suddenly against the palate, as it comes out of the larynx, with a small hollowing of the tongue, and nearly the same opening of the lips as in pronouncing a or e. The ancients sometimes changed i into u; as decumus for decimus; maxumus for maximus, &c. I and J have long been considered as one letter by grammarians, with different sounds and powers, according to its position; and Mr. Bayle, in his Historical and Critical Dictionary, also arranges Y along with them. As a numeral, I signifies one, and stands for so many units as it is times repeated: thus I, one; II, two; III, three, &c.; and when put before a higher numeral, it subtracts its value, as IV, four; IX, nine, &c. But, when set after it, so many are added to the higher numeral as there are I's added: thus VI is 5 + 1, or six; VII, 5 + 2, or seven; VIII, 5 + 3, or eight. The ancient Romans likewise used I, for 500, CI for 1000, 100 for 5000, CCI for 10,000, Ɔ for 50,000, and CCC

for 100,000.

JABLONSKI (Paul Ernest), the son of the above, was born at Berlin, and became professor of divinity at Frankfort on the Oder. He wrote, 1. Disquisitio de lingua Lycaonica; 2. De Memnone Græcorum; 3. Institutiones Historiaæ Ecclesiasticæ, 2 vols. 8vo.; 4. Pantheon Egypticorum, 3 vols. 8vo. He died in 1757.

JABLONSKI (Theodore), counsellor of the court of Prussia, and secretary of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin, was also a man of distinguished merit. Ile published in 1711 a French and German Dictionary; a Course of Morality in 1713; a Dictionary of Arts and Sciences in 1721; and translated Tacitus de Moribus Germanorum into high Dutch in 1724.

JACATRA, a district and formerly a kingdom of Java, of which Batavia is the capital. The last of its sovereigns being subdued by the Dutch East India Company's troops, in the year 1619, they have ever since been possessed of it. The country comprised thirty districts, containing together 33,914 families, or 203,484 inhabitants, and is watered and fertilised by several rivers, most of which, however, are little better than rivulets in the dry season. Its productions are coffee, sugar, and rice, indigo, cotton-yarn, turmeric, and cadjang or lentiles, from which last the inhabitants express oil.

JA'CENT, adj. Lat. jacens. Lying at length. So laid, they are more apt in swagging down to pierce than in the jacent posture.

Wotton's Architecture.

JACHAL, a river of Chili, in the province of Cuyo, which runs east, and loses itself in a lake. It has a small town of the same name near it. JACI, JACI D'AQUILA, or JACI REALE, a maritime town in the Val di Demona, on the coast of Sicily, situated near the foot of Mount Etna. It is protected by a fort; and the river Acis, from which the town anciently took its name, forms a harbour here. The buildings are chiefly of indurated lava, in which the country abounds. The inhabitants manufacture considerable quantities of linen. The environs are fertile in fruit, silk, hemp, and flax. Population 11,000. Ten miles N. N. E. of Catania, and fifteen south by west of Taormind.

JACINTHI, n. s.

(For hyacinth.) The same with hyacinth. A geni of a deep reddish-yellow, approaching to a flame color, or the deepest amber.--Woodward.

The same properties I find ascribed to the jacinth, and topaze. They allay anger, grief; diminish madness; much delight and exhilarate the mind. Burton. Anatomy of Melancholy. JACK, n. s. Probably from the Fr. Jaques, James, says Dr. Johnson: but there was a Sax. geog and Goth. jog, jugg, from og, ug, young, meaning a young lad.

The diminutive of John. Used as a general term of contempt for saucy or paltry fellows Sire Robert or sire Hue,

Or Jakke, or Rauf, or whoso that it were.

Chaucer. The Reves Tale. So hidous was the noise, a benedicite! Certes be Jakke Straw and his meinie Ne maden never shoutes half so shrille, Whan that they wolden any Fleming kille, As thilke day was made upon the fox.

Id. The Nonnes Preestes Tale. Go fro the window, Jacke fool! she said.

Id. The Milleres Tale. And many a Jacke of Dover hast thou sold That hath been twies hot and twies cold.

Id. Prologue to the Cokes Tale. You will perceive that a Jack gardant cannot Office me from my son Coriolanus. Shakspeare. Every Jack slave hath his belly-full of fighting, and I must go up and down like a cock that nobody can

match.

I have in my mind

Id.

A thousand raw tricks of these bragging jacks, Which I will practise. Id. Merchant of Venice. The name of instruments which supply the place of a boy, as an instrument to pull off boots.

Foot boys, who had frequently the common name of Jack given them, were kept to turn the spit, or to pull off their master's boots; but when instruments were invented for both those services, they were both called jacks. Watts's Logick.

An engine which turns the spit. The ordinary jacks, used for roasting of meat, comWilkins. monly consist but of three wheels.

The excellencies of a good jack are, that the jackframe be forged and filed square; that the wheels be perpendicularly and stongly fixed on the squares of the spindles; that the teeth be evenly cut, and well smoothed; and that the teeth of the worm-wheel fall evenly into the groove of the worm.

Moxon.

A cookmaid, by the fall of a jack weight upon her head, was beaten down. Wiseman's Surgery. Some strain in rhyme; the nuses on their racks Scream, like the winding of ten thousand jacks.

Jack and pudding.

A

JACK PUDDING, n. s. zani; a merry Andrew. Every Jack pudding will be ridiculing palpable weaknesses which they ought to cover. L'Estrange. A buffoon is called by every nation by the name of the dish they like best: in French jean pottage, and in English jack pudding. Guardian.

Jack pudding, in his party-colored jacket, Tosses the glove, and jokes at ev'ry packet. Gay. JACK WITH A LANTERN. An ignis fatuus. JACKALE'NT, n. s. Jack in Lent, a poor starved fellow. A simple sheepish fellow.

You little jackalent, have you been true to us? -Ay, I'll be sworn.

Shakspeare. Merry Wives of Windsor. JACK'ANAPES, n. s. Jack and ape. Monkey; an ape.

A coxcomb; an impertinent,

And hens, and dogs, and hogs are feeding by; And here a sailor's jacket hangs to dry. Pope.

The water rushed through in a way quite puzzling, While they thrust sheets, shirts, jackets, bales of muslin, Into the opening. Byron. Don Juan.

To beat one's.jacket, is to beat the man. JACKSON, a county of the United States, in Indiana, west of Clark and Jefferson counties, north of Washington, east of Orange, and south of Indian county. It is watered by White River and its creeks, and was laid out in 1815.

JACKSON, a county of the United States, in West Tennessee. Its chief town is Williamson. JACKSON, CAPE, or POINT JACKSON, a cape on the coast of New Holland. Long. 175° 10' E., lat. 40° 54' S.

JACOB, Heb. apy, i. e. a supplanter. The son of Isaac and Rebekah, was born A. M. 2168, and A. A. C. 1836. The history of this patriarch is recorded in Genesis xxv.-1. He died in Egypt in the 147th year of his age, and was honorably interred in Abraham's burying-place,

near Hebron.

JACOB (Giles), an eminent lawyer, born at Romsey in Southamptonshire in 1686. He is principally known for his Law Dictionary in 1 vol. folio, which has been often printed. He also wrote two dramatic pieces; and a Poetical Register, containing the lives and characters of English dramatic poets. He died in 1744.

JACOB (Henry), celebrated as the founder of the first Independent, or Congregational church in England, was a native of Kent, and received his academical education at St. Mary's Hall, Oxford. Having entered into holy orders, he was made precentor of Corpus Christi College, and afterwards obtained the benefice of Cheriton in Kent. In the year 1604 he published Reasons taken out of God's Word, and the best of Human Testimonies, proving the Necessity of Reforming our Churches of England. The publication of this, and of another work, against what was falsely called 'learned preaching,' drew down upon him the persecution of bishop Bancroft, and to avoid this persecution he fled to Holland. At Leyden he met with Mr. Robinson, with whom he had frequent conferences, and became a convert to what were then called Brownist principles, since known by the name of Independency. In Holland he published several treatises, and upon his return he avowed a design of setting up a separate congregation upon the model of those in Holland. This, in a short time, he carried into effect, and thus laid the foundation of the first Independent Congregational church in England. He was elected pastor of the church, and continued with his people till the year 1624, when, being desirous of entering on a more enlarged sphere of useafterwards died. He was author of many pubfulness, he went to Virginia, where he soon lications, which were highly esteemed in his day. JACOB'S LADDER, n. s. Polemonium; the same with Greek valerian. JACOB'S STAFF, n.s. A pilgrim's staff. Staff concealing a dagger. A cross staff; a kind of astrolabe.

JACOB BEN HAJIM, a rabbi famous for the