selves and to the Society of Arts. The soldier knew only one master, and that was his commanding officer; he had no less sense of right, or moral feeling, or sensibility than the civilian, but his commanding officer was everything to him, and he would do nothing without his Of course it sanction, or unless he was ordered by him. was necessary that discipline should be maintained in the army, but some of the officers were remarkably strict, and many of them even went so far as to maintain that the soldier was "none the better for being educated." If they went to work incautiously they might depend upon it that the memorandum issued by the Commander inChief would very soon be withdrawn, and nobody would know why. The only thing to do was to leave the whole matter to the local board, and to let them work it as their experience might tell them was best.

Mr. WOMERSLEY (Hastings Mechanics' Institution) knew nothing of the matter more than he had seen in a memorandum, but if it was such a difficult matter why He should certainly should they interfere in it at all? never ask an officer himself whether he might teach his

men or not.

Mr. PEARSALL said, that in the London Mechanics Institution they had had several instances of the willingness of soldiers to avail themselves of the advantages offered there; and several years ago some members of the Horse Brigade, stationed at Windsor, used to walk from Wind. sor to attend the evening classes, and march back after the classes were over.

Mr. NOLDWRITT (Walworth Institution) said he understood that the soldiers at Aldershot complained a great

deal of the want of lectures.

The resolution was carried.

THE

THE PROPRIETY OF ADDING TO THE SOCIETY'S EXAMI-
PRACTICAL GARDENING,"
NATIONS THE SUBJECT OF "
IN ACCORDANCE WITH A PROPOSAL MADE TO
COUNCIL BY
THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
WHO HAVE EXPRESSED THEIR WILLINGNESS TO OFFER
PRIZES IN THIS SUBJECT.

The CHAIRMAN said that Mr. Chester took a great interest in this subject, and if he had been able would have been present to have spoken upon it. For his own part, he had lately been thrown a great deal into contact, as a member of the Fruit Committee of the Horticultural Society, with many of the practical gardeners in the country, and he could not help noticing how great a difference there was between those who were educated and those who were not. The Society of Arts were willing to do all they could to encourage education in gardening, and the resolution to be proposed would affirm the desirability of their so doing.

Mr. RULE proposed, and the Rev. R. WATTINGTON seconded a resolution expressing the opinion of the Conference in favour of such a course, which was carried. HOW CAN INSTITUTIONS PROMOTE THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF THEIR MEMBERS?"

Mr. BLAKE proposed the following resolution :

That, in the opinion of this meeting, the physical education of the members of Institutions may be beneficially pro moted by the formation of classes for the practice of cricket and other athletic exercises, excursions for the study of botany, geology, and cognate sciences, and similar pursuits adapted to

summer time."

He thought that much good might be done in establishing games in connection with Institutions, especially during the summer months, when people wanted to get out of doors, and the Institutions and classes were generally neglected. It was not altogether a new thing, and was very effective in keeping the members together.

Mr. SALES heartily seconded the proposition. The Metropolitan Association which he represented had already taken the matter up, and though there were great difficulties in carrying out anything of the kind in a place like

London, they had done all they could to overcome them.
They had encouraged the exercise of athletic sports, and
about twelve months ago they had a fête at the Crystal
Palace, and though they did not expect to be very succes-
ful they were pleased to find that they attracted 13,600
visitors. They were shortly going to have another fête at
the same place, when they would have a competition in
athletic sports, to which they invited their friends from
the country. Although they would only be able to give
prizes to their own members, they were quite willing to
form the nucleus of a fund for the purpose of providing a
prize which should be open to the members of any lusti-
tutions to compete for.

Mr. REYNOLDS said the great difficulty in respect to this matter in London was the want of funds. The Institution doing most in this way was one at Bromley, where they had a cricket field for which they paid a high rental. For his own part he advocated an entire cessation from study during the summer, and he therefore advocated the establishment of some system for promoting the physical education of the members of the Institutions during the

summer months.

The resolution was carried.

Mr. JONES said the next subject had been suggested by him, and was as follows:—

"HOW MAY POPULAR READINGS AND ENTERTAINMENTS BE MADE TO PROMOTE THE EFFICIENCY OF INSTITUTION CLASSES?"

present whether they had found popular readings and All he wished to do was to ask the various representatives entertainments promote the efficiency of the Institutions and the classes. He wished to get information on the subject.

The Rev. R. WHITTINGTON said this matter had always been a difficult one to carry out, but on the whole he was of opinion that popular readings and entertainments did promote the efficiency of Institutions, and for this reason it was very important that the members should feel that they had a kind of associated feeling in connection with the Institutions, and this could be done by giving them The benefit of elocution opportunities of inviting their friends to visit the Institutions on certain occasions. classes was sometimes doubted, but on the whole he thought they were of use, and it must be remembered that many of those who were members of the elocution class would not visit the Institution at all if no such class existed.

Mr. BLAKE said that in his experience he had found popular entertainments to be highly successful, even the Institution. After giving some results of popular enwhere class instruction was made an important feature of tertainments in connection with the Institution at Huddersfield, Mr. Blake moved the following resolution:

"That popular readings and intellectual entertainments may be made to promote the efficiency of institution classes by being given at fixed times, by being varied with the practice of music classes, and by brief discussions for the encouragement of English Composition on subjects bearing reference to the objects of the Institution."

Mr. CRAIG seconded the resolution.

Mr. RULE said that great attention ought to be paid to the subjects chosen for readings, and he thought that the on this subject. people who carried out such readings often wanted advice

Mr. BROOKS thought the Society of Arts would be doing works were suitable for public readings. great service if they would publish a guide as to what

The resolution was carried.

"THE ADVANTAGE OF GARDEN ALLOTMENTS AS A FEATURE OF THE INSTITUTE, WITH THE VIEW OF HEALTHFUL RECREATION FOR THE MEMBERS."

Mr. BLAKE said in some districts it had been found that the plan worked well, and nothing could be more desir

able than that it should be introduced generally wherever practicable, inasmuch as it would be greatly for the benefit of the members of the Institutions, and would also pro. mote the study of botany. He would therefore propose

"That, wherever practicable, it would be of advantage to the members for Institutes to provide garden allotments, under regulations, in which due cultivation and prompt payment of rent were prominent features."

Mr. PEARSALL seconded the resolution, and bore testimoney to the efficient state in which he had found this system to be in in Yorkshire.

The CHAIRMAN said that within four miles of Birkenhead he had seen a piece of ground of about thirty acres let out in allotments on the plan proposed, and with the happiest results to the Institutions with which it was connected

The resolution was carried.

"SHOULD INSTITUES PROMOTE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
HORTICULTURAL SHOWS, BUILDING SOCITIES, PENNY
SAVINGS BANKS, AND SIMILAR MOVEMENTS TOWARDS THE
SOCIAL AMELIORATION OF THE PEOPLE?"

Mr. BLAKE proposed, and Mr. WINKWORTH seconded,

the next resolution, which was carried as follows:

"That Institutes may with great advantage promote the formation of Horticultural Shows, Building Societies, Penny Savings Banks, Provident Societies, and similar means of ameliorating the condition of working people, and also provide

accommodation for the payment of wages."

Fine Arts.

debate in the French Chamber on the 20th May, advoENGLISH TASTE AND ART.-M. Michel Chevalier, in a cating increased exertions in France, said:-" It is now three years since I was in London, as a French member of the jury for the International Exhibition, 1 give the names of my honourable colleagues on that occasionMM. Le Baron Gross, Merimée, and Dumas, who I see are now in their seats, and from whom I ask co-operation. The one fact more than another which particularly struck the French jury was the considerable progress made by foreigners in the art of design in connection with industry. We were struck by it; it inspired us with admiration for the efforts made by foreigners, but it likewise inspired us with a fear that our country might be out-done. We were impressed and frightened by the marked progress which the English had notably made in works of good taste. The English up to recent times, although they have had some celebrated artists, have not been very remarkable for taste; and good taste was wanting in their industry. The greater portion of designs used in the printed cotton manufactories at Manchester and Liverpool came from designers established in Paris. The English have understood that, during this industrial competition between the different foreign nations, it was necessary to make great efforts, and they have made them. A musem has been established at South Kensington for the purpose of educating teachers, who are afterwards sent throughout the manufacturing towns of the country; in propagating We were so good taste a revolution has been effected. much surprised at the progress made that when our report had to be drawn up, one of us (and he by no means the least competent in matters of taste, M. Merimée) treated Mr. NOLDWRITT said the question of receiving the pay-this point specially, and certainly what he has written ments in small sums would depend greatly on the class is one of the most curious and best written pages of the six of people who were the members of the Institutions, and volumes which comprise the general report of the French it must be left entirely to each Institution to decide for jury. From the three or four lines which I am going to quote to you, you yourselves will appreciate what the English have done, and will better understand the informa tion laid before us, and the obligation under which we are, of redoubling our energies so as not to compromise our superiority. The school at South Kensington has been Mr. CRAIG said that the Institutions which he repre-open for ten years. The corresponding provincial schools sented were of opinion that wherever it was practicable (and others which might have been added, to which the payments should only be made once a year. masters have been sent) numbered ninety. The number Mr. PEARSALL said it was a matter which must depend of students trained throughout the United Kingdom was entirely on the locality in which the Institutions were 91,386.' (M. Merimée-These nun.bers which were for placed. 1862 must have now greatly increased.) M. Michel Chevalier continued With respect to the influence exercised in so short a period by this great institution, we admit freely the assistance rendered to us by our colThat the delegates present at this Conference desire to ex-leagues in the English jury. In answer to our question press their high sense of the valuable services to Institutions as to the cause to which the progresses so remarkable that rendered by the Society of Arts by the system of Elementary year in their manufactures were attributed they replied, Examinations and the Certificates and Prizes at the Annual the new resources opened to industry by the schools at Final Examination, by which the important cause of adult South Kensington.' I conclude by quoting that the education has been very greatly promoted. aud they request the study of drawing and of mathematics is the foundation of Council of the Society of Arts to accept their cordial thanks for the important aid which has thus been given to the Insti- the instruction which should be given to the students.""

"THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SUBSCRIPTIONS TO INSTITUTES BEING PAID BY WEEKLY OR OTHER SMALL AMOUNTS."

itself.

Mr. REYNOLDS thought that, as a general rule, the payments ought to be made every three months at least, but there were circumstances, perhaps, in which shorter payments would be necessary.

The resolution was carried.

Mr. BLAKE then proposed, and Mr. F. TALBOT seconded, the following resolution, which was passed unanimously:

46

tutes in association."

Mr. NOLDWORTH asked if the attention of the Society had been called to Mr. Lock's Theatre Bill, which, if carried, would oblige every lecture-room in the kingdom to be shut up as useless.

Mr. LE NEVE FOSTER (Secretary) said it was no doubt a very important matter for the consideration of the Institutions, and he was glad it had been mentioned, but it was understood that for the present the Bill was withdrawn.

A vote of thanks to the three gentlemen who had presided over the Conference was then proposed by Mr. RULE, and seconded by Mr. REYNOLDS, and carried unanimously.

The CHAIRMAN returned thanks.

POMPEII. An interesting discovery has just been made fountain has been uncovered. Connected with this a very at Pompeii, where the face of a large and handsome curious fact is given, namely, that the upper portion of the fountain is covered with zinc, a metal which has not been supposed heretofore to have been applied to any such purpose. It is proposed to restore this fountain, which is decorated with shell work, in order to show the character of public works of the kind at the Pompeian period.

WATER CONSUMPTION IN MELBOURNE.-According to a statement made in Parliament the other day, the quantity of water consumed in Melbourne and the suburbs every twenty-four hours is 9,750,000 gallons, being at the rate of 90 gallons per head per diem, or a larger conumption per head than takes place in any other city in the world, save Rome, Marseilles, and New York.

ACCLIMATISATION IN VICTORIA.-At a recent meeting of the Acclimatisation Society, at Melbourne, a letter was read, bringing under the notice of the Council the eminent adaptability of the Bogong Mountains for the liberation of deer. The Bogongs are a range of mountains on the Dorth-east of Victoria, consisting in many parts of basaltic plains, between 3,000 and 4,000 feet above the level of the They extend from the river Murray to Gipp Land, run north by south-west, and abound with wild fastnesses, from which, if the deer were once established, it would be almost impossible to dislodge them. The letter concluded by saying that, "if this object be successfully achieved, next to the introduction of salmon nothing of such importance in the country will have been effected; 4 valuless tract of mountains, miles in extent, will become of use; deer-stalking, not inferior to any in Scotland, will be afforded, and an inducement to visit wild and romantic scenery in a cold climate will be offered." This letter it was decided to take into a fuller consideration at a future meeting. It is evident that a great number of deer must be enlarged at once to give any chance of the breed being fairly established in such a country; and with this object in view the secretary was requested to make inquiries as to the feasibility of importing a number of fallow deer from Tasmania.

Obituary.

EUGENE GERUZEZ, late Professor of Literature at the Sort onne, and since Honorary Professor of the Faculty of Letters, died in Paris recently. M. Géruzez was a sound and prolific writer, and enjoyed a high reputation as a critic and literary historian. His best works are a History of Political and Religious Eloquence in France the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries;" a "Complete Course of Education for Girls; " and the recently pub ished History of French Literature to the year 1789;" which last, it we are not mistaken, won for its distinguished author one of the great prizes of the French Academy. The funeral was attended by an immense number of literary men.

66

Notes.

COMMERCIAL EDUCATION IN FRANCE.--The Chamber of Commerce of Paris has recently established an institu

tion that deserves attention, a school specially designed for youths intended for financial and commercial pursuits. Besides those branches of knowledge which are absolutely necessary for success in finance and commerce, the modern languages, English and German in particular receive special attention. The new school is in full operation, and was visited the other day by M. Duruy the Minister of Public Instruction, who is indefatigable in his endeavours to improve the means of public instruction. The establishment is on a grand scale and is situated in the Avenue Trudaine.

CAB!-In Paris, as in London, there are great complaints upon fête days, in bad weather, and at all times while the omnibuses exhibit a board bearing the word when public conveyances are in great requisition, that complet when they are full, there is nothing to tell whether a passing cab is engaged or not, and this affords the drivers the opportunity of being deaf to applications which do not quite coincide with their own views as regards direction, numbers, or otherwise. It is now proposed to remedy this by affixing to the cab a flat lamp, of a brilliant colour, so as to form a day as well as night signal, and so arranged as to be seen only when the vehicle contains no passengers. NEW FORM OF HONOURING GENIUS.-The great French chemist, Thénard, was born in a village in the arrondissement of Nogent-sur-Seine, in the Aube, which was called La Louptière, on account of the immense number of wolves which formerly invested it. He was the son of a poor farmer, and was born on the 4th of May, 1777. Having studied chemistry under Fourcroy at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, he eventually occupied the chair in the Academy of Sciences, rendered vacant by the death of his master, was created a baron by Louis XVIII., and died in 1857, crowned with all the honours that science had to bestow. His native village has applied for and obtained permission to honour his memory by appending his name to that of the place of his birth, which is for the future to be called La Louptière-Thénard. A grand fête was held there on the 21st of May to celebrate the event, when the new name was officially published.

SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION OF PARIS.-This new society, whose proceedings have been already noticed more than once in the columns of the Journal, has just made its first annual report. The subscription to the association is only ten francs a year, and the smallness of the rate has in this case produced highly satisfactory results. Besides defraying the expenses of a series of monthly meetings, and the cost of the experiments performed on those occasions, the association has been able to apply a sum equal to £840, in three equal amounts, to the encouragement of astronomy, physical science, and meteorology; this distribution of funds has already been noticed in ou columns. The portion devoted to astronomy is for the purpose of constructing a large telescope. A portion of the sum devoted to meteorology has been voted to several Dutch and French sailors for observations at sea, and valuable in the construction of storm charts, and in the elucidation of the laws which regulate such atmospheric phenomena. M. Terquem, of Metz, reported to the association, at its last meeting, the first results of his experiments, undertaken with the aid of the society, on the vibrations of metallic rods and plates. The Scientific Association of Paris consists at present of three thousand five hundred members, which, it is hoped, will be more than doubled next session.

Courts of Justice Buildings (Lords Amendment). Courts of Justice Concentration (Site) (Lords Amend-3145. C. W. Orford. ment).

Gophering and pressing machine-1444-C. Cotton, F. Anderson, and Bellows for Insect Powder-May 26-4714-M. Fitzgerald, 201,

Proceedings of the Society.

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. The Annual General Meeting for receiving the Report from the Council, and the Treasurer's Statement of Receipts, Payments, and Expenditure during the past year, and also for the Election of Officers, was held, in accordance with the Bye-laws, on Wednesday, the 28th inst., at 4 p.m. WILLIAM HAWES, Esq., Chairman of the Council, presided.

The Secretary having read the notice convening the Meeting, the minutes of the last Annual General Meeting, and of the subsequent Special General Meeting, were read and signed. The Chairman then nominated Mr. C. Stuart Barker and Mr. Purling as Scrutineers, and declared the ballot open.

The Secretary then read the

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

The Council, as required by the bye-laws, now lay before the members at the Annual General Meeting the report of the proceedings of the past year.

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[No. 658. VOL. XIII.

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Associations Ouvrieres de Consommation, de Credit, et de Production, en Angleterre, en Allemagne, et France-Le Livre des Ouvrieres à la Ville et à la Campagne-Guide Pratique de l'Ingincur Agricole

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Notes:-South Kensington Museum

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Electric Telegraph-bread
Correspondence: -Subaqueous Respirator 543
Meetings for the Ensuing Week
Parliamentary Reports

Patents

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ports of Dr. Calvert's lectures, carefully revised by himself, will shortly be published.

The interest taken in these lectures has in no way diminished, as is abundantly testified by the increasing numbers attending them, even though it was found necessary to curtail the privilege of members to the admission of one friend instead of two, as was the case last year. While this interest continues to be maintained, the Council feel that they cannot do better than make arrangements for carrying on in the next session this branch of the Society's work. In the selection of the subjects and the lecturers it will be the endeavour of the Council to bring before the members of the Society information with regard to Arts and Manufactures which will tend to diffuse a love of Art, and promote a spirit of inquiry among those interested in the numerous industries of the country.

MEDALS AND PRIZES.

The success attendant on the offer of the ArtWorkmanship Prizes of last year, induced the Council to renew the competition on a larger scale. Money prizes to the extent of upwards of £500 were offered for competition among the art-workmen of the kingdom, in eighteen different branches of manufacture, and in wood carvThese Lectures, which were tried with so much ing. The particulars have already appeared in success last session, have been renewed in the the Journal. Eighty-seven different works were present year. Three courses were selected, bear-sent in in competition, and were exhibited in the ing on the objects of the Society, namely:

CANTOR LECtures.

"On the Reproduction of Natural Forms by Art and Manufacture." Five Lectures, by B. Waterhouse Hawkins, Esq., F.G.S., F.L.S. "On the Application of Geology to the Arts and Manufactures." Six Lectures, by Professor D. T. Ansted, M.A., F.R.S.

"On the Application of Chemistry to the Arts and Manufactures." Six Lectures, by Dr. F. Crace Calvert, F.R.S. Abstracts of the first two courses of these lectures have already appeared in the Society's Journal, and full re

Society's rooms for a few weeks at Christmas. The Council were fortunate enough to secure the services of Messrs. R. Redgrave, Ř.A., M. Digby Wyatt, and John Webb as adjudicators; and prizes to the extent of £274 were awarded to 37 competitors.

A large meeting of Art-workmen was held in the Society's rooms, by invitation from the Council, with the view of conferring with the workmen themselves upon the system of Artworkmanship competitions instituted by the Society, and receiving suggestions for carrying