station; he was clad only in the thin white linen dress. of the penitent, and there, fasting, he awaited in humble patience the pleasure of the Pope. But the gates did not unclose. A second day he stood, cold, hungry, and mocked by vain hope. And yet a third day dragged on from morning to evening over the unsheltered head of the discrowned King . . . . To female entreaties and influence Gregory at length yielded an ungracious permission for the King to approach his presence.

ARTHUR PENRHYN STANLEY, 1815-1881, also wrote on the assumption that the theory of development held the field in theology. His one theological work is a Commentary on the Epistles of St. Paul to the Corinthians, 1854. It was by his record of the geography and customs of the Holy Land in a work entitled Sinai and Palestine in connection with their History, 1855, that he gained popular fame. His Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church, 1861, form a vivid introduction to some of the great passages in the story of early Christianity. The work is especially memorable for its description of the Council of Nicaea and its sketch of ATHANASIUS. The Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church, 1863, 1865, 1876, gave STANLEY a place among the leading liberal thinkers of the English Church.

The peculiar type of STANLEY'S historical instinct is found in "his delight in striking anecdote, in unlooked for parallels, in the picturesqueness of the past; he deals with thought and emotion in their dramatic manifestation on the great theatres of the world."

Important work of a thoroughly constructive type was done by three outstanding Cambridge scholars, FOSS BROOKE WESTCOTT, 1825-1901; JOSEPH BARBER LIGHTFOOT, 1828-1889; and FENTON JOHN ANTHONY HORT, 1828

1892. The strength of this modern Cambridge school lay in its criticism of the New Testament. The famous Westcott and Hort edition of the text of the New Testament, 1881, was the product of thirty years labour. LIGHTFOOT'S Commentaries attained the position of exegetical and grammatical classics. WESTCOTT'S were only less honoured, and the studies of HORT in early Christianity are universally accepted as standard works.

Liberal criticism had a brilliant representative in England in EDWIN HATCH, 1835-1889. His work entitled The Organisation of the Early Christian Churches, 1881, set the much discussed questions of episcopacy and apostolic succession in a fresh historical light. The brilliant and still unsurpassed lectures on The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church, 1888, constitute "a study in historical development, an analysis of some of the formal factors that conditioned" the growth of Christianity.

I have ventured as a pioneer into comparatively unexplored ground: I feel that I shall no doubt be found to have made the mistakes of a pioneer; but I feel also the certainty of a pioneer . . . . For though you may believe that I am but a dreamer of dreams, I seem to see, though it be on the far horizon-the horizon beyond the fields which either we or our children will tread-a Christianity which is not new but old, which is not old but new, a Christianity in which the moral and spiritual elements will again hold their place, in which men will be bound together by the bond of mutual service, which is the bond of the sons of God, a Christianity which will actually realize the brotherhood of men, the ideal of its first communities.

INDEX