The formation of a precipitate only ceases when the liquid is highly diluted, because precipitation is then counteracted by the solubility of the oxalate of lime. I further found that the separation of oxalate of lime is in creased as much by an excess of nitrate of lime as by an excess of oxalic acid, while the nitric acid acts as a solvent; I hence inferred-and found confirmed by experiment-that the solvent capability of the nitric acid is lessened by the addition of oxalic acid, so that, to a certain extent, the one acid counteracts the other. As regards other and more exhaustive details, I shall have to refer my readers to my work on this subject, which is to be shortly published. The main result of my researches is therefore the following:-That, under all conditions, nitrate of lime and oxalic acid act upon each other in dilute solutions in such a manner that, while nitric acid is set free, oxalate of lir eis precipitated; and since these substances occur also in the juices of plants it is clear that there the same reactions take place, and consequently the vegetable juices must of necessity contain free nitric acid. The oxalate of lime thus separated in the plants plays the part of a by-product, which is deposited in proper spaces, either cells or membranes; this fact I elucidated by microscopic research, because I found that the oxalate of lime precipitated from the dilute solutions I operated upon is, when viewed by the microscope, distinctly crystalline, while the size and mode of grouping together of the crystals seem to depend upon the dilution of the solution. The shape of the crystals just mentioned agrees exactly with that of the oxalate of lime most frequently in plants. They are monoklincedrical prismas, belonging to the orthoclase shape, which have a great tendency to form twins, and are often united into crystalline agglomerations frequently met with in plants, and termed by botanists morning stars, on account of their peculiar shape. I have not succeeded in producing raphides artificially, but I do not doubt that I may also obtain these by a proper arrangement of the conditions of the experiments. It is clear that the investigation of the decomposition of the potassic and sodic nitrates, supposing it to take place in an analogous manner, is far more difficult. Although it is a fact that, by the distillation of a mixture of nitrate of potassa and oxalic acid in the presence of a small quantity of water, fumes of nitric acid are given off, it would be quite erroneous to infer from this fact what might happen in very dilute solutions. I had therefore to devise a method which would not only admit of the detection of the reactions (double decomposition) in very dilute solutions, but this without the further addition of any chemical reagent, by which perhaps the conditions of the reaction might be altered. I found a method, although in a somewhat circuitous way, which answered my purpose, and has, moreover, the advantage of being applicable to the solution of the question of the mutual decomposition of salts-for instance, chloride of sodium and sulphate of magnesia, when in solution. This method is based upon diffusion, and the principle may be elucidated in the following manner: Let us suppose that we have a solution of a salt, of which it is premised that it is not altered by the chemical action of the water, and that this solution (without the aid of an intermediate membrane) is allowed to diffuse in pure water, by pouring a layer of water very gently upon the saline solution, and leaving the vessel containing the liquid to stand quietly. After some time layers, varying in thickness, will be formed, each containing variable quantities of the salt; but the relation between the acid and basis will be everywhere the same, since the salt is not decomposed. Let us now suppose that, at the outset, a second substance has been added to the saline solution, which exerts a decomposing action upon the salt, then in that case the new compounds, one of which contains the base, the other the acid, of the salt, will have a different capability of diffusion, and consequently after some time the two constituents of the salt, while forming layers of different thickness, will not be present in the constant relation of the equivalents, but in a more variable proportion. When the diffusion process is interrupted at the proper time, and the composition of the substances present in the different layers is determined by properly conducted chemical analysis, the results will prove whether a decomposition of the salt has taken place. As regards the objections which might be raised against the applicability of this method, these I shall fully answer in my large work on the subject. By the use of this method, I have succeeded in giving a definite answer as regards the decomposition of the alkaline nitrates; but I will adduce here only one of the many experiments I have made-1 litre of solution, which contained, upon 200,000 c.c., I equiv. of oxalic acid and 1 equiv. of nitrate of potassa, was placed in a tall cylindrical-shaped glass vessel, and upon that solution 1 litre of pure water was cautiously poured, and left to diffuse for a period of four weeks, after which I analysed two portions of the fluid, viz., an upper and lower layer. If no decomposition had taken place, I should have found in both layers the equivalent proportions of potassa and nitric acid; I, however, found in the upper layer an excess of nitric acid greater than that corresponding to the potassa equivalent, and in the lower a negative deviation; hence it might be inferred that decomposition had really taken place, and, as a control for the accuracy of the analysis, it was evident that the positive and negative difference of the upper and lower layers ought to possess equal value within the limits of faults of experiments. The difference amounted— In the upper layer, to +020 In the lower layer, to -0.32 Taking into consideration the very small quantity of substance which, owing to the great degree of dilution of the liquid, could be operated upon, and also the difficulty of the estimation of nitric acid, and the constant influence of faults of experiments, by which the positive difference is lessened and the negative increased, I think a greater degree of agreement could hardly be expected than that just quoted; but, moreover, I made many similar experiments, and also corresponding ones with nitrate of soda. There can be, therefore, no doubt that the alkaline nitrates are in like manner decomposed, at least in part, by oxalic acid in very dilute solutions by the addition of oxalic acid. It is true that I have not yet quantitatively estimated the relative quantity of nitric acid which is set free, but it must be observed that almost insuperable difficulties exist in such an estimation. It is probable that the alkaline nitrates are only partly decomposed, and by no means so completely as the nitrate of lime, because all the products of the reaction remain in solution, so that consequently, according to the well-known principles of the chemical influence of masses, the liquid comes to a state of equilibrium with which every reaction ceases. By these researches we obtain some insight into a definite chemical process as it occurs in plants; we learn by what process the oxalate of lime so frequently met with in plants, and also the binoxalate of potassa, owe their origin, and we further find that the free nitric acid in the living plant is an active agent which plays a considerable part in the formation of the nitrogenous organic matters. Although it might be a pleasant field of further speculative discussion, I do not consider that we can enter more fully upon it so long as our knowledge of the first products of the reduction of carbonic acid are so scanty as at present. I think it very probable, however, that the nitric acid does not remain long unaltered, but is soon converted into either ammonia or hydroxylamine by the powerful reducing agency of the plants, while these last-named products in nascent state react upon the unequally nascent products of the reduction of carbonic acid, and thus together lead to the formation of organic nitrogenous compounds.Ber. d. Deutsch. Chem. Gesells. NEWS THE ESTIMATION OF SULPHUR IN PYRITES. To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR, I cannot see that Mr. Holland's paper is a very valuable contribution to our knowledge on the estimation of sulphur in pyrites. He gives us a new method of fusion which I certainly think is not an improvement upon the fusion in porcelain crucibles in the absence of platinum. Again, anyone having had much experience with the estimation of sulphur in pyrites would never resort to the incorrect method of fusion. I have found, after many years' experience, that a sulphur estimated by the fusion process is always half per cent or rather more than by the acid way. I have assayed ores by fusion which have been done by some of our well-known analysts, and have always found that I have obtained a higher result; it surprises me how Mr. Holland has so cleverly overcome the difficulty, for I see that his fusion and acid processes agree. I know there is a troublesome way of purifying the barium sulphate, but from reading the paper I should not think Mr. Holland has employed it. I would prefer the fusion process in platinum crucibles to all others, if it gave correct results; and therefore Mr. Holland would be conferring a great boon upon chemists if he would describe the method by which he gets such good results.—I am, &c., EXPERIENCE. FLUORESENCE AND THE VIOLET END OF A PROJECTED SPECTRUM. To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR,-In reading over my article in your journal of Dec. 6, which has just arrived, it strikes me that some may be puzzled by a statement on page 273 unless a further explanation is made. It is well known that the bisulphide of carbon will only transmit rays of the spectrum as high as about 17° of the Bunsen scale, or a little above the line H', and it might therefore be asked how invisible lines could be shown on a fluorescent screen with bisulphide of carbon prisms. The fact is that even with a powerful electric light, so feeble is the illuminating power of the violet rays that nothing is visible on an ordinary screen, when a spectrum some 10 feet long is thrown much above 10 of the scale; while thallene, being strongly excited by rays even as low as 9 or F, turns the practically invisible violet lines into brilliant green ones. It would have been more strict to have said "above the upper end of the spectrum visible on the screen, in place of "above the violet end of the spectrum;" for though this seems to be the violet end, and is usually so called by lecturers, it is not identical with what is strictly so named in other connections. Thus the lines shown in the lecture referred to, were the lines in that part of the violet not visible otherwise under the other conditions of the experiment, and not the extra violet lines. With glass prisms higher lines can be shown; and with two fine quartz prisms and a lens of the same substance, which we have in our collections, I have projected all the lines of the strictly actinic or invisible spectra of the metals used, but on account of the smaller dispersion of these substances, the experiment is much less effective than that made with bisulphide of carbon prisms as described. I am, &c., HENRY MORTON. Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, Dec. 30, 1872. Imperial Company: Fulham 33'72 South Metropolitan Short interruptions to the testings happened at some of the stations during the stokers' strike, and a deficiency of illuminating power was reported on a few occasions, but these have been certified as having occurred from "unavoidable cause." On all other occasions the quality of the gas has been above the statutory requirements. CHEMICAL NOTICES FROM FOREIGN SOURCES. Under this heading will be found an encyclopædic list of chemical papers published abroad during the past week, with abstracts of all susceptible of advantageous abridgment. The two halfyearly volumes of the CHEMICAL NEWS, with their copious indices, will, therefore, be equivalent to an English edition of the "Jahresberichte." NOTE. All degrees of temperature are Centigrade, unless otherwise expressed. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Academie des Nitrification of Garden-Mould.-J. B. J. D. Boussingault.This exhaustive monograph treats on the formation of nitre in the nitre-beds, and in arable and garden soils. Some Combinations in which Phosphorus Appears to be Present in an Allotropic State, similar to that of the so-called Red Phosphorus.-A. Gautier.-After referring to a suboxide of phosphorus, P,O, discovered in 1837 by Le Verrier, the author points out that there are several compounds of phosphorus, the real composition of which is not at present well known some of them being amorphous. The main portion of the essay is devoted to the description of a compound formed by the action of protochloride of phosphorus upon phosphorous acid when these substances are heated in sealed tubes to a temperature of about 170°; the result in this instance is the formation of amorphous phosphorus according to the formula3PC13+7PH,O3=4P+3P2H,O,+9HCl. When these substances are only heated to 79° the reaction is different, and there is formed a compound PHO according to the following formula:— IIPC13+27 PH,O=4P,HO+11P2H4O7+33HCI. The body alluded to is yellow-coloured, amorphous, unaltered by exposure to dry air, insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, benzin, chloroform, oil of turpentine, glycerine, acetic acid, protochloride of phosphorus, and protochloride of antimony. The substance is very stable, and bears heating in a current of dry carbonic acid to 250°. At 265° some phosphuretted hydrogen is given off, and at 350° to 360° phosphorus distils over. When heated in contact with air, this body (P,HO) burns slowly; mixed with chlorate of potassa it detonates by the application of a smart blow. Dilute acids do not act upon it, but ordinary nitric acid gives rise to violent reaction. Water at 170° decomposes the compound with formation of pure phosphuretted hydrogen PH,, and phosphorous as well as hypo-phosphorous acids. Alkalies decompose P,HO, which unites with ammonia. The author concludes his paper with some observations on Le Verrier's suboxide of phosphorus, which he thinks may be identical with the compound obtained by him (see Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 2nd series, vol. lxv., p. 257). Estimation of Ammonia in Illuminating Gas.-A. Houzeau. -The detailed description of a volumetric process, in which dilute sulphuric acid of known strength, and also an ammonia solution of definite strength, are applied; the gas is passed from the meter through the acid. According to the author the gas at Rouen was found to contain on an average o'1042 grm, of ammonia in 100 litres of gas, while the gas in Paris only contains o'009 grm. of ammonia in the same bulk. There are also several original papers relating to mathematicophysical and natural history sciences. Bleaching Cotton, Flax, and Rags Intended for PaperMaking, &c., by Means of Ozone.-M. David.-The anthor ozonises air by passing it over a mixture of permanganate of potassa, peroxide of manganese, and sulphuric acid contained in large carboys. He then conveys the ozonised air into a brick tank, which contains the materials to be bleached. After some some hours' contact with the ozonised air they are all perfectly bleached and clean. Although not belonging to chemistry, we call attention to the following memoir : Bascule Balances and Weighing Instruments.-L. Paupier. -Illustrated by several woodcuts. This essay describes weighingmachines largely used abroad but almost unknown in this country. These machines are in every respect superior to the ordinary balances in use, especially for heavy weights. Steam-Boiler Anti-Crustation Composition.-Bonatte and Co. -The constituents of this material are not specified, but it is stated to be very effectual, safe, and anti-corrosive. Iron Ore from Andorra.-H. Flobert.-It appears that the mineral resources of the country alluded to (the most ancient Republic of Europe) are beginning to attract attention. In addition to excellent qualities of fine marble, copper and lead ores, and useful mineral waters, there is abundance of excellent iron ore free from sulphur and phosphorus, and having, according to the author's analysis, the following percentical composition:-No. 1-Water, 7'24; peroxide of iron, 87 215; siliceous matter insoluble in acids, 3'103; manganese, o'35; other matters (not specified) soluble in acids, 2 092; total, 100'00; percentage of metallic iron, 6150. No. 2-Water, 8'60; peroxide of iron, 74'13; insoluble in acid, 10 60; soluble in acid (not specified further), 6'495; manganese, o'165: total, 100'0; metallic iron, per cent, 51'9. Trade in Esparto Grass (Lygæum Spartum) of Algeria.Ch. Mène. This paper contains statistical and other interesting inormation on this subject. Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris, December 15, 1872. From the proces-verbaux of the meetings of this Society, published in this number, we quote the following: Preparation of Di-Isopropyl.-R. D. Silva.-The author observes that Dr. Schorlemmer's statement concerning the inactivity of sodium upon the iodide of isopropyl is not quite correct, since the author found that decomposition ensues at from 120° to 130°. With the evolution of gas (C,H, and C,Hg) simultaneously there is obtained a hydrocarbon, C,Hao, boiling at 130°; constitutional formulaCH2-C2HT CH - C2H, CH3 This investigation was instituted with the view of obtaining an alcohol, C6H12OH, from the chloride C6H1Cl obtained by Dr. Schorlemmer by means of di-isopropyl, but this research is not yet finished. Lactate of Lime.-A. Petit.-When a solution of this salt is treated with phosphoric acid so as to form a decimal solution (solution audixieme) of lacto-phosphate of lime, there is formed a liquid which, when cold, is quite clear and free from any precipitate; but when hot, a precipitate is formed, which almost re-dissolves on cooling. This number further contains the following original essays and papers: Two Pentachlorides of Benzine.-E. Jungfleisch.-This lengthy essay is chiefly written to explain the objections made by Dr. Ladenburg, and published in a German scientific periodical, against the author's researches on this subject, which will be shortly published in extenso. It appears, however, that there is a difference of the action of pure cry chlorine upon benzine, and of that gas in wet state, which apparently has escaped Dr. Ladenburg's notice. Chlorhydrate of Narceine.-A. Petit.-This paper treats chiefly on the solubility of narceine, its chlorhydrates and their mode of preparation. Narceine is very soluble in caustic potassa solution (0.15 thereof dissolves i grm. of the alkaloid), and in caustic ammonia, which leaves the narceine, after evaporation, in crystalline state. Narceine is soluble in 769 parts of water; narceine + HCl in 277 parts narceine +4HIC in 50. of water; narceine + 2HCI in 150 parts; narceine + 3HCI in 130; On the Hydrates of the Monobasic Fatty Acids.-E, Grimaux. -This exhaustive monograph, elucidated by a large number of complex formulæ, is not well suited for abstraction. Polytechnisches Journal von Dr. E. M. Dingler, first number for December, 1872. New Method of Preparation of Caustic Soda.-W. Helbig. -The main gist of this paper relates to the oxidation of some sulphur compounds, present in the crude materials (the concentrated lye), by means of a forced current of air passed into the concentrated liquor instead of the use of saltpetre. From the account here giver, it appears that while the last-named salt cannot be quite dispensed with the quantity has been greatly decreased. Estimation of the Quantity of Juice Present in Beet-roots. -F. Jicinsky.-This essay, illustrated by woodcuts and elucidated by several tables, contains a detailed account of the best methods of estimating the quantity as well as the saccharine value of the juice of beet-roots. Priew's Steam-Clearcing Method.-Dr. Dingler. This paper, also illustrated by engravings, contains the account of a newlydevised method of clearcing sugar by means of low-pressure steam and air mixed, instead of the use of a pure concentrated sugar solution. The process is carried on in connection with centrifugal machines. Application of Steam for the Purpose of Extinguishing Fires.-Dr. H. Weidenbusch.-This essay treats exhaustively on the application of steam for the purpose of extinguishing fires. The author quotes several well known instances in which steam, superior spread of, and rapidly extinguish fires. in every respect to water, has been successfully used to arrest the Gas-Tight Impermeable and Indestructible Corks.-F. Ruschhaupt.-The process here described consists in soaking the corks in pure molten paraffin, whereby, according to the author, the corks are rendered perfectly impermeable to gases and a great many liquids (all those which do not act upon nor dissolve paraffin), while the corks are rendered to some extent indestructible. The American Journal of Science and Arts, December, 1872. In addition to a series of original papers relating to other physica sciences, this number contains the following original papers bearing upon chemistry: Note upon Aventurine Orthoclase Found at Ogden Mine, Sparta Township, Sussex Co., N.J.-Prof. Leeds.-After giving a geognostico-mineralogical description of this mineral, the author quotes the following chemical analysis per cent:-Silica, 6481; alumina, 1902; ferric oxide, 0'23; lime, 1'26; magnesia, o'59; potassa, 14'30; loss by ignition, o'26. On Soil Analyses and their Utility.-E. W. Hilgard.-This paper has already appeared in full. On a Crystal of Andalusite from Delaware Co., Pa.-E. S. Dana.-Illustrated with woodcuts. Journal für Praktische Chemie, No. 16, 1872. This number contains the following original papers : Contribution to Our Knowledge of Diabase.-R. Senfter.This exhaustive monograph is an appendix to T. Petersen's researches on green stones (see CHEMICAL NEWS, vol. xxvi., p. 288), and is elucidated by a series of tables exhibiting the results of analyses of a large number of minerals. The main results of the author's investiga NEWS tion may be summarised as follows:-The diabases contain regularly a triklinic (triklinen) alkali felspar, which has to be considered as oligoclase; while in addition to that often a lime felspar is found, which is probably labradorite. The second main constituent of diabase is genuine augite, in which the quantity of lime is about equal to that of the magnesia and protoxide of iron. Diabase also contains protoxide of iron-magnesia-chlorite (Eisenoxydul-magnesia-chlorite), the composition of which agrees with the usual formula assigned to chlorite. Titanium-containing magnetic iron and apatite never fail to be present in diabase; while calcite also is a regular constituent of diabase, although it is only present in small quantity. To the genuine diabase, which frequently contains, or is mixed with other minerals, belongs many kinds of rocks usual designated hyperites. Electrolysis of Itaconic Acid.-G. Aarland.-This essay is divided into the following sections:-Introduction, containing a review of electrolysis as applied to organic substances; preparation of itaconic and mesaconic acids; behaviour of citraconic, itaconic, and mesaconic acids with chloride of iron; detailed account of the electrolytic experiments, elucidated by a large number of complex formula. Behaviour of Carbonate of Magnesia towards Gypsum in the Presence of a Solution of Common Salt.-Dr. E. Fleischer. -This paper contains an account of a series of researches made by the author with the view of ascertaining the mutual reactions which take place when the carbonates of lime, magnesia, baryta, and the sulphate of lime are boiled together in water, either pure, or containing common salt. Notwithstanding the comparatively great insolubility of some of these substances, double decompositions take place in some cases amounting to more than 30 per cent." On Coal-Tar and Coal Tar-Pitch (Asphalte).--Dr. E. A. Behrens.-The first part of an exhaustive monograph; this portion is divided into the following sections:-Coal-tar in general; coal-tar pitch. 2181. J. Robey, Manchester, "Improvements in the manufacture of a substitute for animal charcoal, to be used for purifying sewage and various other substances."-Petition recorded July 20, 1872. 2667. E. Ross, St. Mary Axe, London, "An improved method of utilising and giving additional value to the products of the coffeebush."-Petition recorded September 9, 1872. 3270. C. Rave, Cureghem-lez-Bruxelles, Belgium, "The manufacture from mahogany and other woods of a colouring matter similar to cashoo."-Petition recorded October 18, 1872. 3306. H. Page, Market Buildings, Mincing Lane, London, "Improvements in the manufacture of paper-pulp, or half-stuff."-Petition recorded November 16, 1872. 3585. F. M. Lyte, Asnières, France, "Improved process of treating and purifying crude phosphoric acid, and in the production of soluble phosphates; also for the manufacture of phosphorus, and the treat ment of certain residues resulting therefrom, and phosphate of alumina."-A communication from Henri Storck, Edouard Hentsch, Auguste Hentsch, Andre Lutscher, and Frederic Grininger, Asnières, France.-Petition recorded November 28, 1872. 3609. T. Richardson, J. W. Richardson, and A. Spencer, West Hartlepool, Durham, "Improvements in refining or puddling iron and steel."-Petition recorded November 30, 1872. 3741. W. A. Lyttle, Hammersmith, Middlesex, "Improvements in candles."-Petition recorded December 10, 1872. 3821. J. L. F. Target, Portsdow Road, Middlesex, "Improved means or apparatus for receiving human excreta, and for distributing, deodorising, or disinfecting powder over the same. 3829. J. F. Lackersteen, Lombard Court, City of London, "Improvements in the manufacture of hydrogen gas.' 3830. H. Page, Mincing Lane, London, "Improvements in the manufacture of paper-pulp or half-stuff."-Petitions recorded December 17, 1872. 3851. S. Holker, Lumb, Lancaster, "Improvements applicable to the treatment of straw, esparto, wood, and similar substances used in the manufacture of paper."-Petition recorded December 18, 1872. 3853. F. B. Houghton, Southwark, Surrey, "Improved method of, or process for, treating spent hops for the manufacture of paper-pulp." -Petition recorded December 19, 1872. 3882. W. W. Fereday, Dover Road, Surrey, "Improvements in treating human excreta, and in apparatus for working the excreta and converting the same into a dry and highly-concentrated manure."Petition recorded December 21, 1872. 3889. J. Senior, New Ross, Wexford, Ireland, "An improvement in the process of unhairing and preparing skins or hides to be employed for making or dressing into leather of any kind."-Petition recorded December 23, 1872. 3913. L. A. Badin, New Ormond Street, Middlesex, "Improvements in closets and apparatus for collecting and disinfecting fœcal matters, and converting the same into manure or human guano." INVENTIONS PROTECTED FOR SIX MONTHS BY THE DEPOSIT OF COMPLETE SPECIFICATIONS. 3843. G. Haseltine, Southampton Buildings, London, "An improved method of, and apparatus for, rendering and drying animal matter, deodorising noxious gases, and treating blood to utilise it for agricultural and similar purposes."-Petition recorded December 18, 1872. 3968. G. T. Bousfield, Sutton, Surrey, "Improvements in the manufacture of steel, and in apparatus employed for this purpose."A communication from T. R. Scowden, Cincinnati, U.S.A.-Petition recorded December 31, 1872. NOTICES TO PROCEED. 2456. E. T. Hughes, Chancery Lane, London, "Improvements in the manufacture of loaf sugar, and in the machinery or apparatus employed therein."-Petition recorded August 17, 1872. 2491. C. F. Sebille, Paris, "Improvements in the composition known as 'schisto-asphaltic and bituminous beton,' and novel applications thereof, together with improved machinery or apparatus in connection therewith."-Petition recorded August 22, 1872. 2528. J. F. Parker and A. Wade, Birmingham, Improvements in the manufacture from coal and petroleum of hydrocarbon gas, or gas for illuminating and heating."-Petition recorded August 26, 1872. 2529. H. A. Dufrené, Paris, "An improved mode of preserving fruit."-A communication from F. Sacc, Neuchatel, Switzerland. 2538. H. Y. D. Scott, Major-General, C.B., Ealing, Middlesex, Improvements in the treatment of sewage and in the preparation of manures therefrom."-Petitions recorded August 26, 1872. 2805. W. Rath, Plattenburg, Westphalia, "Improvements in annealing and removing of oxide or scale from iron and steel wire and other articles of iron and steel."-Petition recorded September 23, 1872. 3502. T. A. Howland and C. G. McKnight, both of Rhode Island, U.S.A., now of Southampton Buildings, London, "Improvements in the manufacture of gas and in apparatus therefor."-Petition recorded November 22, 1872. 3696. T. Green, Phoenix Chemical Works, Ouseburn, Newcastleon-Tyne, "Improvements in the treatment of bones and other articles, and in apparatus for the same."-Petition recorded December 6, 1872. 3763. R. S. Casson, Brierley Hill, Staffordshire, "Improvements in puddling furnaces, heating furnaces, and other reverberatory furnaces used in the manufacture of iron and steel."-A communication from P. A. Dormoy, Troyes, France.-Petition recorded December 11, 1872. 3799. S. Hickson, King's Road, Bedford Row, Middlesex, "Improvements in preserving meat."-Petition recorded December 14, 1872. PATENTS SEALED. 1984. W. E. Gedge, Strand, Middlesex, "A new or improved process of preparing phosphorus.-A communication from A. Peluche, Paris, France.-Dated July 1, 1872. 2004. W. Thwaites, Brixton, Surrey, and E. Fondeville and G. Bertin, Kentish Town, Middlesex, "Improved composition or admixture for preserving walls from dampness, and for other purposes."Dated July 2, 1872. 2036. E. J. L. Caillot, Barcelona, Spain, "Improvements in the manufacture of lighting and heating gas, and in apparatus and burners connected therewith."-Dated July 5, 1872. 2044. W. Weldon, Putney, Surrey, "Improvements relating to the utilisation of dilute chlorine."-Dated July 6, 1872. 2093. J. R. Casbay, Newman Street, Oxford Street, Middlesex, "An improved compound to be applied to the surfaces of wood or metal to preserve the same from corrosion or decay."-Dated July 11, 1872. 2262. T. R. Crampton, Westminster, "Improvements in the manufacture of gas and fuel, and in apparatus to be used for this purpose." -Dated July 29, 1872. 2576. G. Spencer, Cannon Street, London, "Improvements in the purification of coal-gas used for illuminating purposes and for mechanical purposes, and in apparatus therefor."-A communication from E. White, New York, U.S.A.-Dated August 30, 1872. 2614. B. W. Gerland, Macclesfield, Cheshire, "Improvements in the manufacture of phosphoric acid, phosphatic manures, alkaline and other phosphates."-A communication from H. and E. Albert, Biebrich, Germany."-Dated September 3, 1872. 2766. W. E. Newton, Chancery Lane, Middlesex, "Improvements in the preparation of explosive compounds."-A communication from J. H. Norrbin and J. Ohlsson, Stockholm, Sweden.-Dated September 18, 1872. 3309. H. Deacon, Widnes, Lancashire, "Improvements in the manufacture of bleaching-liquor."-Dated November 7, 1872. BE ERNERS COLLEGE of CHEMISTRY.EXPERIMENTAL MILITARY and NAVAL SCIENCES, under the direction of Professor E. V. GARDNER, F.E.S., &c., of the late Royal Polytechnic Institution and the Royal Naval College. The Laboratory and Class Rooms are open from 11 to 5 a.m., and and from 7 to 10 p.m. daily. Especial facilities for persons preparing for Government and other examinations. Private Pupils will find every convenience. Analyses, Assays, and Practical Investigations connected with Patents, &c., conducted. For prospectus, &c., apply to Prof. E. V. G., 44, Berners-street, W. Royal Polytechnic Institution, 309, Regent Street.-Laboratory (entirely re-fitted) and Class-Rooms are now open. ASSAYS, ANALYSES and Investigations connected with PATENTS conducted. Pupils received for Class and Private Study. Special facilities are offered to persons preparing for GOVERNMENT EXAMINATIONS. Classes are now forming for Practical Study in CHEMISTRY, STEAM, and PHYSICS. For particulars, apply to Professor E. V. GARDNER, F.A.S., M.S.A., at the Institution. No. XXXVII., January, 1873, price 5s. I. On the Probability of Error in Experimental Research. By II. Gold Mines and Milling of Gilpin County, Colorado, United States. By James Douglas, Quebec. III. Condition of the Moon's Surface. By R. A. Proctor, B.A., F.R.A.S. (With Page Photograph). IV. A Solution of the Sewage Problem. V. Colours and their Relations. By Mungo Ponton, F.R.S.E. No. 3, now ready, contains Articles on the following subjects:International Telegraphy in Time of War.-Mr. Scudamore at Hull.-Telegraphic Batteries.-Propagation of the Instantaneous Current of the Leyden Jar.-Testing the Copper Resistance of Submarine Cables.-Accidental Currents Developed in a Telegraphic Line, one End of which is Insulated in the Air.Ampere's Theory of Magnets.-Action of Powdered Carbon Heaped Around the Negative Electrodes in Carbon Piles.Students' Column.-Proceedings of Societies.-Electrical Science in Foreign Journals.-Correspondence.-Telegraph Share List. -City Notes.-Post-Office Telegraphs.-Notes of Passing Events. -Register of New Patents, &c., &c. London: HENRY GILLMAN, Boy Court, Ludgate Hill, E.C. PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY. Laboratory, 60, Gower Street, Bedford Square, W.C. Mr. Henry Matthews, F.C.S., is prepared to give Instruction in all branches of PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY, particularly in its application to MEDICINE, AGRICULTURE, and COMMERCE. The Laboratory is open daily, except Saturday, from ten to five o'clock; on Saturday, from ten till one o'clock. Mr. Matthews is also prepared to undertake ANALYSES of every description. For Particulars and Prospectuses, apply to Mr. Henry Matthews; the Laboratory, 60, Gower Street, Bedford Square, W.C. Methylated Spirits.- David Smith Kidd, Water-glass, or Soluble Silicates of Soda Licensed Maker, Commercial Street, Shoreditch, N.E. Also FINISH, FUSEL OIL, and RECT. NAPHTHA. and Potash, in large or small quantities, and either solid or in solution, at ROBERT RUMNEY'S, Ardwick Chemical Works, Manchester. |