On Silk Dyeing, and on the Combination of Silk with Sulphuric Acid.-M. E. Durrwell.-The author takes, for the foundation of his views, the hypothesis that silk forms, with acids, true compounds, capable of uniting with the coal-tar colours and with other dyes. Having ungummed silk to set the fibroine at liberty, he boiled it for a day in distilled water, to remove the last traces of the soap employed in this operation. It was then extracted with alcohol, so as to leave pure fibroine, which invariably gave an alkaline reaction. This silk was then dyed in a bath of litmus and very dilute sulphuric acid. The litmus serves here at once as reagent and as colouring matter. The colour is thus entirely fixed in the silk; but, on neutralising the bath with a trace of magnesia or of caustic soda, the blue litmus went back into solution, except a trace which was still absorbed by the silk. This experiment may be indefinitely repeated on the same colour-bath by rendering it alternately acid or neutral. It is the same with the coal-tar colours, but, as these have a great tinctorial power, the experiment is less striking and decisive than with litmus. On treating 2 parts of fibroine with I part of sulphuric acid in the cold, combination at once takes place. Heat is developed, which must be kept down as much as possible by cooling the capsule, otherwise the silk will be completely resolved into glucose and ulmic compounds. After an hour's time, the reaction is complete. The brown liquid is filtered over asbestos, diluted with three or four times its bulk of water; the excess of acid is neutralised with baryta, filtered, and evaporated. A mass is thus obtained which, on treatment with alcohol, leaves a true compound of fibroine and of sulphuric acid. It is a white, transparent, horn-like body, soluble in water. The solution, if treated with an alkali, gives a precipitate of fibroine. Bulletin de l'Academie Royale des Sciences des Lettres et New Process for Preventing Ships' Compasses being affected by the Iron and Steel which is employed in the construction, as well as occasionally carried as cargo by the vessels.-M. Glossner. Revue Scientifique de la France et de l'Etranger, No. 47, May 24, 1873. This number contains no original chemical matter. Revue Hebdomadaire de Chimie Scientifique et Industrielle, par Ch. Mène, No. 19, March 13, 1873. Delaunay's Apparatus for the Alcoholometric Assay of Wines.-The specific gravity of the wine is taken in its ordinary state. Another equal portion of wine is boiled in a flask till all the alcohol is expelled and the thermometer immersed in it rises to 100° C. The boiled liquid is then put into the hydrometer glass, made up to its original bulk with distilled water, and its specific gravity again determined. From the difference of these two specific gravities (before and after the expulsion of the alcohol) the amount of alcohol is found by means of tables accompanying the apparatus. It is necessary that the temperature of the wine should be 15° C. If it be higher or lower corrections are required. No. 20, March 20, 1873. This number contains nothing touching in the remotest manner upon chemistry. No. 21, March 27, 1873. Galzy's Insecticide.-A laudatory notice of an insecticide of unknown origin. New Mode of Preserving Organic Substances from Decay.-M. Lanjorrois.-The author proposes to add to the substances to be preserved 1 per cent of magenta! The process has been applied to slices of beef, which, after being kept for several months, yielded-after being washed and boiled-very good soup. (Should this method of preserving food become general, we trust that the magenta employed will be free from arsenic). MISCELLANEOUS. Memorial to Justus Liebig.-Many of our readers will be glad to know that at a meeting of the German Chemical Society, held in Berlin, on April 28th last, it trious chemist, Baron Liebig, and to invite his pupils, friends, and chemists of all nations, to contribute towards the funds necessary for that object. Drs. Warren de la Rue, Frankland, Gilbert, Odling, Stenhouse, and Williamson, are members of the Committee, and communications and subscriptions may be sent to Dr. Hugo Müller, 110, Bunhill Row, E.C. was resolved to erect a statue in honour of the late illus PATENTS. ABRIDGMENTS OF PROVISIONAL AND COMPLETE SPECIFICATIONS. tions from gas-pipes. George Goldsmith and James Dilkes, Leicester. Improvements in the means of and apparatus for removing obstrucNovember 4, 1872.-No. 3269. The object of this invention is to afford means for clearing gas-pipes, especially services, and consists in forming a plug furnished with a barrel which is to be filled with gunpowder and inserted in the offending pipe. The charge is then to be fired by striking a percussion-cap placed on a nipple on the outside of the plug, when an explosion ensues and the removal of any obstruction is the result. The manufacture from mahogany and other woods of a colouring matter similar to cashoo. Charles Rave, merchant, Cureghem-lesBruxelles, Belgium. November 4, 1872.-No. 3270. This invention consists in extracting from mahogany and rose woods a matter having obtained by first reducing the wood to powder, then roasting or torreall the properties of the brown cashoo of commerce. The matter is fying the powder, afterwards washing and boiling it, and finally concentrating it by evaporation into a syrupy or a dry state. Improvements in cements. John Railton Williams, merchant, Manchester, Lancaster. November 4, 1872.-No. 3272. This invention consists in mixing powdered zinc with cement. therewith. John Berger Spence, merchant, Manchester, Lancaster. Improvements in obtaining anthracene and in apparatus_connected (A communication from Jos. C. F. Cheever, New York, United States of America). November 4, 1872.-No. 3273. This invention consists of a pitch tank, tempering reservoir, still, and condensor, for the purpose of obtaining anthracene from coal-tar pitch by a continuous process. Improvements in treating and utilising certain refuse animal and vegetable substances, and the application of the resulting substances or matters to various manufactures. William Glazier, 235, Drake Street, Rochdale, Lancaster. November 5, 1872.-No. 3278. This invention consists in utilising scrap leather and the fibrous refuse from combining these materials with silicates, animal carbon, gas-tar, wool, cotton, flax, and jute manufactures and spent dye-woods by asphalt, and bitumen in the several ways described in the Specification so as to make an improved plastic composition and also various kinds treated with a hot solution of alkali, and then subjected to the action of waterproof and fireproof goods and vessels. The leather is first of steam or boiled in water under pressure until it is reduced to a gelatinous mass, to which is added glycerine and pyroligneous acid. To this mixture is added a solution of pyroligneous acid and tannic acid or of pyroligneous acid and alum. The whole is then thinned with boiled oil and mixed with mineral oxide, or dry silicate colours. This mixture is called the "cementing mixture." By adding to this mixture the fibres herein before referred to, a plastic composition or pulp is made, which may be rolled, moulded, or otherwise formed into various useful and ornamental articles. In making "shaped" felted articles the fibres are first disintegrated or devilled, then deposited on moulds and the shapes saturated with the cementing mixture. In making composite sheets or slabs the devilled fibres are felted into sheets, which sheets are saturated with the cementing composition, then coated with the plastic composition. The whole is then pressed, after which, should the slab not be sufficiently thick, other saturated sheets are placed on the first until the slab is made of the required thickness. In making waterproof slabs or sheets the felted sheets are saturated, as before described, pressed, and dried; then coated with a waterproofing composition of ground carbon and gas-tar mixed with naphtha or turpentine or benzine, and are covered with melted asphalt or bitumen, on which a second prepared sheet is placed and the whole pressed together. The waterproofing composition above described is applicable to the protection of iron from rust and also to the coating of vessels and articles made according to this invention. In making floor-cloth the "cementing composition" is mixed with silicate pigments, cotton fibres, spent dyewoods, and ground cork and spread on the felt. In making tesselated floor-cloth or imitation parquetry the sheets of felt are saturated with the cementing composition and coloured according to the pattern required. The pieces constituting such pattern are then cut out and affixed to a sheet of felt or canvass by means of the cementing composition. In making circular and other shaped receptacles, tubs, "skips," boxes, tanks, and cisterns, a shape is made by cementing brown paper on a suitable mould. The shape is then coated with the cementing composition and when dry coated with the plastic composition hereinbefore described, after which it is again dried and pressed and finished by coating with the waterproof composition. Where great strength is required, strips of calico are affixed around the vessel. The waterproofing and cementing compositions hereinbefore described are applicable to the preservation of iron ships. Improvements in artificial fuel, part of which improvements having reference to the means or apparatus employed in the manufacture of the same. Edward Joseph' William Parnacott, engineer, Leeds. November 6, 1872.-No. 3292. The employment of powdered, dissolved, or liquefied waste caoutchouc or gutta-percha for fuel either separately or in combination with other substances such as clay, road mud, fine riddlings or small coal or dust of coke, also shale, peat, and sawdust; these are thoroughly mixed or agglomerated in a pugmill, and afterwards moulded into any required form in a brickmachine of ordinary construction, and afterwards dried. NOTES AND QUERIES. Formic Acid.-Will any of your readers inform me whether commercial formic acid, formiate of lead, or any other formiate is used for dyeing or any other process in the arts ?-S. S. "Experiments with the Torsion-Rod for Determining the the Royal Astronomical Society. By Francis Baily, Esq., Vice-President of the Society. London. 1843. P. 43.-"The torsion-rod is never at absolute rest, but is constantly in a state of vibration on its centre; and consequently when the end of it is viewed at a distance with the telescope, it appears to oscillate on each side of a mean point, called the resting point." "This resting point, however, is by no means permanent or stationary, and seldom remains in the same position for any length of time, even when the torsion-rod is not influenced by the approach of the masses. The extent and direction of its disturbance, as well as its rate of motion when so disturbed, are very variable, and seem to depend on causes which have not been sufficiently accounted for, but which may in some measure arise either from slight changes of temperature, or some latent alteration in the component parts of the suspension line." P. 44.-" It must be confessed, however, that discordances sometimes arise which cannot wholly be attributed to change of temperature, but to some other occult influence with which we are at present unacquainted." P. 64. Seeing that the results came out nearly the same, with the same balls, in whatever way the experiments were varied, I next tried the same plan with the glass balls, the single results of which had been somewhat more discordant, and the mean result somewhat greater, than the results obtained by the other balls. I was agreeably surprised at finding the single and daily results in such good accordance with each other, although I was still at a loss to account for the slight difference which still existed between the results with these balls and the heavier ones." "I next tried what the result would be with balls made of a substance still lighter than that of glass. I therefore affixed the 2 inch ivory balls. the mean result agrees very well with the general result of the experiments previously made with the 2 inch lead balls; although it is somewhat less than that deduced from the experiments made with the glass balls, which was contrary to my expectations." P. 65. Conceiving that there might be some unexplained cause even for this slight discordance, I resolved to repeat the experiments under the same circumstances. The mean result was still less than in the former series. I am unable to account for the cause of this discordance in any other way than by the known fact that in all cases, where the deviation is so small, a slight variation in the position of the resting point makes a considerable difference in the resulting density. But, in the present instance, the single and daily results are in very good accordance with each other. Some other varying force, therefore, would seem to be in operation. "Wishing however to ascertain whether a similar diminished result would be produced by a repetition of the experiments with the glass balls, I again submitted them to another trial. the mean result showed that the same diminished difference had here also been produced as with the ivory balls; and for the cause of which I cannot account in any other way than that to which I have just alluded." P. 67. "I am still however unable to assign any satisfactory reason why the mean result of these heavy balls should be so much less than that of the lighter balls. There is nothing on the face of the experiments that indicates any cause for a suspicion of error, and therefore we must look for some other explanation." MEETINGS FOR THE WEEK. MONDAY, 9th.-Geographical, 8.30. THURSDAY, 12th.-Royal, 8.30. Royal Society Club, 6. TO CORRESPONDENTS. *Vol. XXVI. of the CHEMICAL NEWS, containing a copious index, is now ready, price 11s. 4d., by post, 12s., handsomely bound in cloth, gold lettered. The cases for binding may be obtained at our office, price 1s. 6d. Subscribers may have their copies bound for 2s. 6d. if sent to our office, or, if accompanied by a cloth case, for s. Subscribers wishing to complete their sets of volumes are requested to apply to the publisher, who will give them information respecting scarce numbers and volumes. Vol. xxvii. commenced on Jan. 3rd, and will be complete in twenty-six numbers. READING CASES, price is. 6d. each, post free, may also be obtained at the Office. D. McPherson.-See No. 683. BOOKS RECEIVED. Manual of Chemical Analysis as Applied to the Examination of Practical Examples in Quantitative Analysis. By Ernest Francis, Utilisation of Sewage and Purification of Streams.-The General Sewage and Manure Company, Limited, is prepared to Negotiate with the Authorities of Towns for the Treatment and Disposal of the Sewage of their Districts.By order, C. R. GIBB, Secretary. No. 1, Crown Buildings, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C. Royal Polytechnic Institution, 309, Regent Street.-Laboratory (entirely re-fitted) and Class-Rooms are now open. ASSAYS, ANALYSES and Investigations connected with PATENTS conducted. Pupils received for Class and Private Study. Special facilities are offered to persons preparing for GOVERNMENT EXAMINATIONS. Classes are now forming for Practical Study in CHEMISTRY STEAM, and PHYSICS. For particulars, apply to Professor E. V. GARDNER, F.A.S. M.S.A. at the Institution. BER ERNERS COLLEGE of CHEMISTRY.— EXPERIMENTAL MILITARY and NAVAL SCIENCES, under the direction of Professor E. V. GARDNER, F.E.S., &c., of the late Royal Polytechnic Institution and the Royal Naval College. The Laboratory and Class Rooms are open from 11 to 5 a.m., and and from 7 to 10 p.m. daily. Especial facilities for persons preparing for Government and other examinations. Private Pupils will find every convenience. Analyses, Assays, and Practical Investigations connected with Patents, &c., conducted. For prospectus, &c., apply to Prof. E. V. G., 44, Berners-street, W. THE LIVERPOOL COLLEGE OF CHEMISTRY, 96, DUKE STREET, LIVERPOOL. Specially Devoted to the Study of CHEMISTRY, TECHNOLOGY and ASSAYING. Laboratories open throughout the Year. MARTIN MURPHY, F.C.S., &c., Principal (Successor to the late Dr. SHERIDAN MUSPRATT). A Special Laboratory is devoted to Commercial Analyses of every description, and to Mineral Assays. Manufacturers' and Smelters' Analyses and Assays undertaken on Contract. Patentees and Inventors Advised and Assisted. Works and Mines Inspected. The Erection of Manufacturers' Plant Supervised, &c. Terms and Fees VERY MODerate. Further Particulars and Full Prospectus on application to The Principal, MARTIN MURPHY, F.C.S. &c. BISULPHIDE OF CARBON AS FREE AS POSSIBLE FROM ALL UNPLEASANT ODOUR. CHLORIDE of SULPHUR. AMMONIA. BENZOL. TETRACHLORIDE of CARBON. ANTHRACENE. NAPHTHA. JOHN BARROW, DALTON CHEMICAL WORKS, WEST GORTON, MANCHESTER. FOOT, BARRET, AND TEMPLE, BATTERSEA. ACETIC & NITRIC ACIDS. MANUFACTURERS OF HYDRATE OF CHLORAL. ESTABLISHED 1798. ROBERT DAGLISH & CO., DEATH OF BARON LIEBIG. RESPECTFUL NOTICE is given by LIEBIG'S EXTRACT OF MEAT COMPANY (Limited) that the Guarantee Certificate of Genuineness of Quality, signed hitherto by Baron Liebig and Professor Max von Pettenkofer, will in future, in accordance with Baron Liebig's own directions made many years ago, be signed by his Colleague, Professor Max von Pettenkofer, the eminent Chemist, and by Hermann von Liebig, son of Baron Liebig, who has been acting as his special assistant in the Analysis of the Company's Extract. Thus the excellence of the well-known standard quality of Liebig Company's Extract of Meat will continue absolutely unaltered. SCIENTIFIC PRESENTS.-Collections to Illustrate "Lyell's Elements of Geology," and facilitate the important study of Mineralogy and Geology, can be had at 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, to 500 guineas; also single specimens of Minerals, Rocks, Fossils, and Recent Shells. Geological Maps, Hammers, all the recent publications, &c., of J. TENNANT, Mineralogist to Her Majesty, 149, Mr. Tennant, F.R.G.S., at his residence, 149, Strand, W.C. BOILER MAKERS, ENGINEERS, AND Strand.-Private Instruction is given in Geology and Mineralogy by MILL-WRIGHTS, BRASS AND IRONFOUNDERS, ST. HELEN'S FOUNDRY, LANCASHIRE. Makers of every description of Chemical, Colliery, Copper Ore, Gold Mining, and Glass Machinery, including Crown, German Sheet, and Plate Glass Plant, as supplied to some of the largest Firms in England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Makers of the latest Improved Revolving Black Ash Furnace, with Siemens's Patent Gas Arrangement, and as used in the Manufacture of Soda. Improved Valveless Air Engines, and Pumps for Acid Forcing, Air Agitators, Compressors for Collieries, and Weldon's Patent Chlorine Process. Caustic, Chlorate, Decomposing, and Oxalic Pans. Gas Producers for Heating Furnaces. Pyrites Burners for Irish, Norwegian, and Spanish Ores. Photographs, and other information, supplied on receipt of Orders. JOSEPH HARTLEY, WEST GORTON, MANCHESTER. BISULPHIDE OF CARBON. JOSEPH GILLOTT'S STEEL PENS. Sold by all Dealers throughout the World. OXIDE OF IRON. We are prepared to supply, on moderate terms, HYDRATED PEROXIDE OF IRON (BOG OCHRE), Same quality as supplied by us to several of the most extensive Gas Companies, and which has given entire satisfaction. FRANCIS RITCHIE AND SONS, BELFAST. Silicates of Soda and Potash in the state of Soluble glass, or in CONCENTRATED SOLUTION of first quality, suited for the manufacture of Soap and other purposes, supplied on best terms by W. GOSSAGE and Sons, Widnes Soapery, Warrington. London Agents, CLARKE and COSTE, 19 and 20, Water Lane, Tower Street, E.C., who hold stock ready for delivery. HENRY PONTIFEX & SONS, TOWNSON & MERCER COPPERSMITHS, ENGINEERS, &c., MANUFACTURERS OF APPARATUS, MACHINERY, AND UTENSILS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION FOR CHEMICAL WORKS, ALBION WORKS, KING'S CROSS, LONDON. Ch hloride of Calcium (Purified Muriate of Lime), total insoluble impurities under per cent. CHLORIDE OF BARIUM (Muriate of Baryta), free from Iron and Lead, total impurities, water excepted, under per cent GASKELL, DEACON, & CO., (LATE JACKSON & TOWNSON), 89, Bishopsgate Street Within, LONDON. Wholesale and Export Dealers and Manufacturers of CHEMICAL & SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS, Illustrated Catalogue post free on application. THE CHEMICAL VOL. XXVII. No. 707. of ordinary codeine and not of any of its higher polyNEWS. merides, and hence that ordinary codeine must have a C36 formula too. When the action of hydrochloric acid at 100°, or slightly higher, (the liquid being kept very gently boiling) is carried on for a longer time methyl chloride is evolved; but after a time this ceases, and after 10 hours or so all the codeine has become converted into a mixture of two ON THE ACTION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID isomeric bases of composition intermediate between that ON CODEINE. By C. R. A. WRIGHT, D.Sc., Lecturer on Chemistry in St. Mary's Hospital Medical School. IN a former paper, written in conjunction with E. L. Mayer (Chem. Soc. Journ., [2] xi., 211), it has been shown that when morphine is treated with hydrochloric acid at 100° the first action that takes place is, apparently, the addition of the elements of hydrochloric acid; the subtraction of the elements of water taking place subsequently, bases being formed of the composition (M=C34H36N2O5) (P). M+HCI (Q). M+HCI-H2O (R). M+2HC1-2H2O A base homologous with the last one has been obtained already from codeine, viz., the so-called "chlorocodide " obtained by the late A. Matthiesen and the author (Proc. Roy. Soc., xviii., 83). In order to trace out more completely the history of the formation of this base and its subsequent decompositions, codeine was heated on the water-bath for two and a half hours with from 6 to 8 parts of strong hydrochloric acid; a less time of digestion being found to give too little product for successful isolation. The resulting acid liquid was nearly neutralised by caustic soda, and precipitated by sodium carbonate, which threw down a white amorphous precipitate; this was separated by filtration, dissolved in hydrochloric acid, again precipitated by sodium carbonate to remove traces of codeine, and finally dissolved in ether. The ethereal solution yielded a viscid non-crystalline hydrochloride on agitation with a few drops of hydrochloric acid. In physical properties this exactly resembled "chlorocodide" hydrochloride: but on analysis it yielded numbers indicating the presence of a less chlorinated base as well 03005 grm. gave 0·673 CO2, and 0.166 H2O These numbers agree with the composition 9(C36H 42N2O6,2HCl)+14HCI-10H2O; which represents a mixture of the hydrochlorides of two bases homologous with (P) and (R) derived from morphine as above mentioned 61.04 6.12 17.83 Found. 61'08 6'14 17'90 of morphine and that of "apomorphine." One of these bases is soluble in ether, and yields crystalline salts much resembling those of apomorphine; the other is insoluble in ether, and belongs apparently to the tetra series. The product of 10 hours' action of hydrochloric acid was precipitated by sodium carbonate, well drained on filters, and digested with ether. The ethereal solution agitated with hydrochloric acid gave a crystalline hydrochloride, which gave the following numbers after recrystallisation: 0'3065 grm. gave 0.7380 CO2 (H2O lost). 0'5350 CO2 and 0.132 H2O. From its physical properties it appears probable that ths base forming the crystalline hydrochloride belongs to (dicodeine, "apomorphine," &c.); hence it is viewed as the series of derivatives from the double polymerides having a C68 formula, and as possessed of the composition of the "diapo" derivative of (hypothetical) dimorphine, i.e., as M2-2H20. Hence it may be conveniently termed diapo-dimorphine. Similarly, the isomeric base insoluble in ether produced simultaneously evidently belongs to the tetra series, and hence may be conveniently termed tetrapo Hence, writing C for C36H42N206, the formation of tetramorphine, having the composition M4-4H2O, and a these bases may be expressed thus:- where C=M+2CH2= M+2CH3− H2, i.e., where codeine is dimethylated morphine. It has been formerly shown by the late A. Matthiesen and the writer that when either "chlorocodide" or codeine is heated to 140° to 150° under pressure with excess of strong hydrochloric acid methyl chloride is formed, and apomorphine apparently identical with that from morphine is produced. It thus appears that the action of hydrochloric acid on codeine at 100° is different from that at 140° to 150°, the elements of two proportions of water (per C68) being removed in the first case, and those of four proportions in the second, diapodimorphine, and tetrapodimorphine being respectively formed. These two bodies are alike in physical properties and qualitative reations, but they differ much in physiological properties. Dr. Gree found that the latter produced the same emetic action as apomorphine from morphine; whilst the experiments of Dr. J. G. Blackley prove that the former base is destitute of emetic action on cats, only producing profuse salivation when subcutaneously injected in doses up to O'I grm. It hence appears that the removal of the elements of water from (hypothetical) dimorphine, and from tetramorphine respectively, gives rise to an alteration in the physiological properties of the derivatives, the emetic action on cats being the more marked in the first case the more H2O is removed, the less so in the second case. Thus the following table exhibits the change in physiological action :— Action of Hydrobromic Acid on Codeine. The results just detailed render it probable that the formation of "bromocodide" is preceded by that of a less brominated base probably (C+HBr), 2 HBr, which appears, in fact, to be the case. On heating codeine to 100° for three hours with 5 to 6 parts of 48 per cent hydrobromic acid, precipitating with sodium carbonate, solution of precipitate in ether, and agitation of ethereal solution with hydrobromic acid, a viscid non-crystalline hydrobromide is obtained, much resembing bromocodide hydrobromide, but containing less bromine. After drying at 100°, the gum-like mass gave these numbers Whence it appears that the first action of hydrobromic acid on codeine is perfectly parallel with that of hydrochloric acid; it has already been shown, however (Proc. Roy. Soc., xix., 371, 504), that the further action of hydrobromic acid gives rise to products not identical with those formed by means of hydrochloric acid whether acting at 100° or at higher temperatures. From its physical properties, it appears probable that the "deoxycodeine" thus formed belongs to the dicodeine series, i.e., its formula contains C72; whilst the "bromotetracodeine" simultaneously produced is a tetra base, i.e., its formula contains C144: the formation of these two bases may, then, be explained by the following equation:Proc. Roy. Soc., xvii., 460; xviii., 83. Observer. Dr. J. G. Blackley. Drs. Gee and Stocker. Dr. Stocker. Do. Dr. J. G. Blackley. Do. This reaction is different from that formerly given (loc. cit.), where the action was supposed to consist, at any rate partly, in the replacement of bromine by hydroxyl; it now appears more probable that this replacement does not take place, the hydroxyl group being subtracted from a portion of the formula different from that to which the bromine symbol is added. The table on next page represents the relation to codeine and morphine of the derivatives obtained up to this time from codeine; inasmuch as the "apomorphine" obtained from codeine by the action of hydrochloric acid at 140° to 150° appears to be identical with that derived from morphine under the same or other conditions, whilst the bases obtained by the action of hydriodic acid and phosphorus from codeine and morphine appear to be identical also, the conclusion may be drawn that codeine is actually dimethylated morphine, i.e.,C=M+2CH3—H2. All these derivatives may be regarded as formed by the addition of the elements of m proportions of hydriodic, hydrochloric, or hydrobromic acid to, and the subtraction of n proportions of water from, a polymeride either of codeine or of morphine, or a base derived from one or other of these by the addition or subtraction of hydrogen; in short, all of these derivatives (together with those obtained from morphine as starting-point, and tabulated in a previous paper [Fourn. Chem. Soc., II., xi., 211]) may be included in one or other of the two formula |