11. Improving the composition of mortar and cements. 14. A committee for improving the various processes necessary in producing iron from its ores. and in working and refining of iron and steel. Thus did one noble foster-child of this Society prescribe its own duty, and, child-like, neglect that particular duty; and now that the child has attained the age of threescore years and ten, the nursing mother, by gold medals and money rewards, steps forward to complete the work begun by her foster-child, and further, by these annual Cantor Lectures, she now does that which-not being done in 1800-led to the formation of the "Royal Institution of Great Britain." This comes of the people of a country allowing the science of a country to dwell alone. All advances are first suggested by men who observe and think; they are extended by men who reason and test; they are utilised by men who act. The pioneers of an army are not the fighting men; sailors navigate the ship; marines do the warfare. The men who investigate the laws which govern the energies of the imponderables are not the men to utilise and apply them. The practical knowledge, the stimulus of interest, the capital of the manufacturer, are wanting to the philosopher; while the manufacturer on his part is equally in want of the general information and accurate reasoning of the man of science. When the commercial element enters, and another object of regard is set up for worship, the man of science cannot serve two masters; he cannot serve science and mammon. The more earnestly and heartily he serves the former, the less he bows to the latter. The service of natural science has within itself far more ennobling mental rewards than mammon which divides the provinces of science from those of commerce. It does not aspire to any claim on the nests of science; they who build them are welcome to the imagined and worthless immortality of a name. It does not propound to commerce new modes of amassing wealth. They may keep their wealth who can. But it does seek to bring before those whose daily bread and daily luxuries are derived from science, illustrations of some of the truths on which their daily labour rests. It will try to do this in plain and simple form, divested of those higher studies through which these truths have been in some measure attained, and in a thousand ways extended. That the work is one worthy of all human intelligence may be inferred from the official document given by the authorities of that incorporation of men who are the real rulers of the earth, properly so called. Statesmen and politicians may influence the minds and bodies of men, but engineers influence all material things. The Institution of Civil Engineers, established in 1818, long before passenger railways, telegraphs, &c., &c., were known, and now numbering among its members men in all parts of the globe, clearly and aptly defined the objects of their incorporation in words well fitted to the purposes of our present consideration. They then (in 1818) defined the object of their association to be "The acquisition of that species of knowledge which constitutes the profession of a civil engineer, whereby the great sources of power in nature-i. e., the energies of the imponderables-are converted, adapted, and applied for the use and convenience of man." It may be said, and with some show of reason, when the comprehensive title of these lectures is considered, a little well or completely done is better than much ill or very partially done. As a principle in education this is a truism which the Committee of Council on Education and our various School Boards would do well to adopt and illustrate; but these Cantor Lectures are not to be scholastic lessons; they may teach, but the primary object Longfellow, in his letter to Agassiz, on his fiftieth of them is rather to be suggestive of thought-to give birthday (28th May, 1857), after alluding to the sacrifice the minds of hearers and readers food for reflection, he made of his country and his home, for the cause of material for development, to arouse inquiry, to provoke natural history, well expresses what he feels who, single-investigation; to leave, in fact, an unsatisfied impression minded, teaches men to read what is still unread in the manuscripts of God. Agassiz is described as can confer. "He who wandered away and away, And then comes a reward more welcome than money or honours "For whenever the way seems long, Or his heart begins to fail, This course of Cantor Lectures, in relation to the energies of the imponderables, is to be an attempt to occupy the border-land between pure scientific research and the ministration to social needs; to tread, in fact, upon neutral ground, to launch our boat upon the Rubicon A sum of £500 having been placed at the disposal of the Council of the Society of Arts, through Sir William Bodkin, by a gentleman who does not wish his name to appear, for promoting, by means of prizes or otherwise, economy in the use of coal for domestic purposes, the Council have decided to offer the following prizes:-(1). For a new and improved system of grate suitable to existing chimneys as generally constructed, which shall, with the least amount of coal, answer best for warming and ventilating a room.-The Society's Gold Medal and Fifty Pounds. (2). For a new and improved system of grate, suitable to existing chimneys as generally constructed, which shall, with the least amount of coal, best answer for cooking food, combined with warming and ventilating the room.-The Society's Gold Medal and Fifty Pounds. (3). For the best new and improved system of apparatus which shall, by means of gas, most efficiently and economically warm and ventilate a room.-The Society's Gold Medal and Fifty Pounds. (4). For the best new and improved system of apparatus which shall, by means of gas, be best adapted for cooking, combined with warming and ventilating the room.-The Society's Gold Medal and Fifty Pounds. (5). For any new and improved system or arrangements, not included in the fore going, which shall efficiently and economically meet domestic require ments.-The Society's Gold Medal and Fifty Pounds, that there is more than the lecturer has expressed-and there is much for hearers and readers to consider. If thus they only lay in the foundations of knowledge, and in rough and sketchy outline show the superstructure, they will have done good service-they will have stimulated research, and so led to the acquisition of knowledge and a habit of mind more valuable far than any which can be given from this platform to you who sit at ease on those cushioned seats, willing to rest for a while under the delusive spell that the Society of Arts has thus found a right royal road (and perhaps a pleasant one) to learning. Such an unsatisfied feeling in relation to the energies named, and the measurement and utilisation of them, it is the object of this course to endeavour to create. If this result be attained, then in those future years, when by individual labour present difficulties are overcome, and light shines where thick darkness now overspreads, there will be cause for thanks, where, perhaps, when these lectures end, an unsatisfied longing may alone be found. (To be continued). CORRESPONdence. ACETAMIDE AND ETHYLATE OF SODIUM. To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR, My letter, which does not seem to please Mr. Hartley, has caused him to rectify an error into which he is reported to have fallen. Mr. Hartley said that ammonia is given by the action of According to the report in the CHEMICAL NEWS, acetamide on ethylate and methylate of sodium. Dr. | 185° and 188°, and gives off inflammable vapours. Water Armstrong, too, is reported to have obtained ammonia in the same manner. The truth appears to be, however, that acetamide yields no ammonia by action on ethylate and methylate of sodium; but that soda acetamide and caustic soda yield ammonia, and caustic soda always accompanies ethylate of sodium, unless very special precautions be taken to ensure its absence. Whether Mr. Hartley and Dr. Armstrong said what they are reported to have said, is a question between them and the reporter. My object in writing my letter was to rectify an error, and I believe that I have attained it.I am, &c., London, June 30, 1873. J. ALFRED Wanklyn. decomposes it in the same manner as glucinium-propyl. It is also attacked by absolute alcohol, the sides of the tube becoming covered with a transparent crystalline substance. By acting with chloride of silicon upon anhydrous propylic ether the author has obtained compounds analogous to Ebelmen's orthosilicic ether, and to the silicic, mono-, di-, and trichlorhydrines of Friedel and Crafts. The bodies thus obtained are silico-propionic ether, and silico-propionic-, mono-, and dichlorhydrines. Boropropylic ether was obtained by passing very slowly a current of perfectly pure chloride of boron into anhydrous propylic alcohol maintained at a temperature bordering upon zero. The compound in question is represented by the formula Bo(C6H7O2)3. Liebig and Wohler obtained a crystalline product, known as allophanic ether, by causing the vapour of cyanic acid to act upon absolute alcohol. Hofmann obtained the same compound by a cohobator. In CHEMICAL NOTICES FROM FOREIGN allowing alcohol to act upon urea in SOURCES. Under this heading will be found an encyclopædic list of chemical papers published abroad during the past week, with abstracts of all susceptible of advantageous abridgment. The two half-yearly volumes of the CHEMICAL NEWS, with their copious indices, will, therefore, be equivalent to an English edition of the "Jahresberichte." this case the formation of allophanic ether is constantly accompanied by that of ureathane or carbamic ether. The author, by replacing ethylic alcohol with propylic alcohol prepared propylic allophanate in nacreous laminæ, sparingly soluble in cold water, but readily soluble in boiling water and alcohol, and fusible between 150° and 160°. Its composition is C10H10N206. Propylurethane, CH,NO4, is obtained in the form of long, colourless, brilliant crystals, easily soluble in water, NOTE. All degrees of temperature are Centigrade, unless otherwise alcohol, and ether. It fuses between 51° and 53°, and expressed. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Academie boils at 194° to 196°. If moist it is decomposed by heat, and yields large quantities of ammonia. Part Played by Atmospheric Nitrogen in Vegetation.-P. P. Dehérain. The author has previously announced that he had succeeded in fixing atmospheric nitrogen upon the black matters formed during the decomposition of the hydrates of carbon. In more recent experiments he has shown that this fixation takes place at common temperatures, and that it is due to the formation of ammonia. Thus, in one of his experiments the absorbent matter was glucose and ammonia; amount o free nitrogen at the beginning of the experiment, 38 c.c.; ditto, at the conclusion, 21 c.c.; nitrogen taken up, 17 c.c., or 44'7 per cent of the original amount. The presence of cyanides could not be recognised in any of these experiments. It is established that the fixation of nitrogen by also in the cold, though with less energy. carbonaceous matter which takes place at 100° ensues An atmosphere poor in oxygen favours the fixation. Boiling-Points and the Molecular Volumes of the Chlorated Isomers of the Ethylic Series.-G. Hinrichs. -A physico-mathematical paper. Ethylacetylen formed Synthetically, and on its Identity with Crotonylen. — L. Pruner. Ethylacetylen has been formed synthetically by Berthelot, who caused acetylen to act directly upon ethylen at a dull red heat. Crotonylen was discovered by Caventon, who removed 2 equivalents of hydrobromic acid from the bromide of butylen. The mixture of ethylene and acetylene was passed into bottles containing bromine. The bromised liquids, being left for two days in contact with a slight excess of bromide, are passed into tetrabromide, CsH6B4 On expelling the alcohol and crystallising, the compound thus obtained was found to agree in appearance, in properties, and especially in point of fusion with, the tetrabromide of crotonylen described by Caventon. Synthesis of Phenylallyl.-C. Chojnacki.-The author obtained phenylallyl by heating to roo under pressure a mixture of equal parts of benzin, and of iodide or bromide of allyl with one-fifth of zinc-powder. Researches on New Derivatives of Propyl.-A. Cahours He prepares glucinium propyl by acting upon mercury propyl with the finely-divided metal at the temperature of 130° to 135° in a sealed tube. It is a colourless liquid, boiling at 244° to 246°, and giving off dense fumes Combinations of Chloride of Titanium with the without becoming ignited. If cooled to -17° it takes the Ethers.-E. Demarcay. The author has formed and appearance of a fatty oil. Water decomposes it with examined a number of these compounds, which he conviolence, producing a copious evolution of gas, and an siders as chlorhydrines analogous to the silicic chlorabundant deposit of hydrated glucina. By a similar pro-hydrines of Friedel united to chlorides of the acid radicals. cess he has prepared glucinium-ethyl; which boils between The sulphides and sulphydrates of the alcohol radicals behave with chloride of titanium in the same manner S normal ether. On Phenolcyanine.-T. L. Phipson.-(see xxvii., p.299.) facture of Sulphate of Ammonia from Nitrogenous Refuse.-L. L'Hote.-The process for manufacturing ammoniacal salts patented by Martin, and which Mène pronounces impracticable, consists essentially in the substitution of lime, baryta, &c. for soda-lime. In some cases caustic soda alone is required. The azotised matter is first attacked with caustic soda-lye at 10 per cent, and the mass is afterwards made into a paste with slaked lime. On distillation the combustion of the organic matter is as complete as in the determination of nitrogen by the sodalime process, and the residue contains neither nitrogenous charcoal nor cyanides. Determination of Phosphoric Acid in Manures, Coprolites, Phosphatic Minerals, &c.-Ch. Méne.-A critique on the process of Joulie (CHEMICAL NEWS, xxvii. 228, 309, 314). The citrate of ammonia process consists in treating the manure with dilute nitric or hydrochloric acid, and filtering off the insoluble matter. To the clear filtrate is added ammonia, which generally forms an abundant white precipitate. Citric acid is then added till the precipitate re-dissolves, and any insoluble particles are removed by filtration. To the filtrate is added sulphate of magnesia, and then more ammonia. The resulting precipitate is regarded as ammonia, magnesian phosphate, &c., is filtered, washed, and calcined. Without wishing to show how this analysis is faulty, the author insists, on the one hand, on the solubility of ammonia magnesian phosphate in ammoniacal salts, and, on the other, on the precipitation of all the gelatinous silica, which is then estimated as ammonia magnesian phosphate. To be convinced of this it suffices to take a few drops of silicate of soda diluted with water, to add ammonia which gives a precipitate soluble in citric acid, but capable of being precipitated afresh by ammonia. Alumina under the same conditions is not re-precipitated. To give an idea of the error which may be committed Méne quotes the results of an experiment when a fossil phosphate, by the citrate of ammonia process, gave 70 per cent tribasic phosphate of lime, but by Chancel's method-the bismuth process -it yielded only 15 per cent. The author agrees with Joulie in his condemnation of the ammonia process (Bobierre's) but recommends in its stead that of Chancel, which he himself has used for ten years, and which is exempt from all errors in excess. (We think it deplorable if any analytical chemist is ignorant of the means for rendering gelatinous silica insoluble in dilute acids, thus avoiding the error in excess pointed out by M. Méne). Bibasic Sulphate of Lead from Ariége.-Ed. Jannettaz.-The author finds this mineral identical with the bibasic sulphate of Leadhills. He remarks as a strange circumstance that the specimens of Lanarkite examined by Thomson and Brooke should, according to both these authorities, contain a half equivalent of carbonic acid, and should yet agree in their characters with the crystals from Ariége and Leadhills, which contain none. Extract from Memoir on the Various Causes which Produce Strokes of Lightning.-M. de Fonvielle. -The author seeks to show that two neighbouring conducting objects react powerfully on each other under the influence of a thunder-cloud, and that this reciprocal influence varies according as they are insulated or connected one or other, or both, with the common reservoir; also that a thunder-cloud produces, by the fact of its movement, special reactions-like the plate of a Holtz machine. The induction on the earth's surface he points out must often be strong enough to affect the passage of clouds, giving them a greater velocity before they reach the zenith of the object electrified, or retarding them after they have passed the zenith; and this fact he compares with certain attractions and repulsions between stars, observed by Hansteen and others, and doubtless due to magnetic force; which force appears to have been neglected as being in juxtaposition with that of gravitation: just as the displacement of clouds above referred to is combined with that produced by the wind. The changes in terrestrial magnetism in consequence of star motions are analogous to those which clouds produce in the electrification of the terrestrial surface. Theory of Sun-Spots, and the Dark Nucleus of the Sun.-M. Vicaire.-This note refers chiefly to M. Respighi's observation of a sinking of the chromosphere at the spots. For this to yield valid support to the cyclonic theory, it must be shown (the author holds) that, supposing the depression certain, (and it has been contested by P. Secchi), it is really due to an engulphing of the chromosphere, and that a turning movement may be there observed; such movement being quite an exceptional phenomenon. Further, according to M. Faye's own calculations, the centrifugal acceleration in the solar cyclone would be only of what produces the terrestrial cyclone. Now the depression of the photosphere at the spots, and also, according to M. Respighi, that of the chromosphere, is equal to several thousands times that produced by terrestrial cyclones. Indeed, a fall of 4 c.c. in the barometric column corresponds at the sea-level to a displacement in altitude of 430 metres or so of the earth's radius, and it is known that there are solar spots the depth of which exceeds this radius. Hence the cause assigned for the spots by M. Faye would be only or nearly intensity required by the phenomenon. heres to Wilson's theory of the sun's composition. Researches of Spectral Analysis on the Subject of the Solar Spectrum.-Mr. J. N. Lockyer.-A recent communication to the Royal Society. 1 I 15000+ 181 I of the 2500000 M. Vicaire ad Reply to Preceding Note of M. Raynaud on the Max imum Resistances of Magnetic Coils. M. du Moncel. Relation between Electrical and Capillary Phenomena.-M. Lippmann.-When a drop of mercury in a glass vessel and, covered with sulphuric acid, is put in communication with a point of copper or iron passing through the acid, it suddenly becomes more convex, and an electric current is produced which polarises the surface. The surface contraction is due to a change of capillary constant; this and the electromotive force of polarisation are continual functions of each other. Reciprocally, an extension of surface produced mechanically polarises it as an electric current would. M. Lippmann varies the capillary constant of a surface of mercury in a glass tube, by polarising it with a current from a Daniell element, causing a deformation of the meniscus. He constructs a very sensitive capillary electrometer (for measuring electromotive forces), consisting of a thin glass tube of mercury, which he puts under the object-glass of a microscope for observation of the meniscus as affected by the current. Replacing the pile in the above case by an electrometer or galvanometer, and displacing the mercury mechanically, it can be shown that the electromotive force is varied, the quantity of electricity being independent of the form of the surface, and simply proportional to the area. He also constructs an electro-capillary motor. Two masses of mercury in acidulated water serve alternately as negative electrodes to the current of a Daniell element. In each mass are partially immersed a set of glass tubes open at both ends. At each inversion of the current one set rises, the other descends, and this alternate movement is transformed, by levers, &c., into one of rotation. Magnetic Observations.-M. Diamilla Müller.-The author has established a temporary magnetic observatory on a hill near Florence, and shortly before the recent eclipse he noticed a stoppage for three quarters of an hour, of the oscillations in his magnetometer (which took on average twenty seconds), and when they resumed they were much smaller and slower. He thinks this may be due to the special position of sun, moon, and earth, and an not to the eclipse; but invites observation of the oscilla- On the Compound C14H8S2.-C. Paulz.-An account tions of the needle at the approach of each new moon. He of the preparation, properties, and combinations of this as also gives results of the second series of simultaneous yet unnamed substance. magnetic observations made in various parts of the globe on October 15 last. It appears-(1) That the secular variation of the declination is inversely proportional to the distance of the place of observation from the magnetic equator; (2) that the secular variation of the inclination is proportional to the extent of their magnetic parallels; (3) that the secular variation of the intensity (total force) is proportional to the secular variation of the inclination. Spectroscopic Researches on the Fumeroles of the Eruption of Vesuvius in April, 1872, and Actual State of the Volcanos.-Extract from letter of M. Palmieri's to M. Sainte-Claire Deville. The writer states that Vesuvius has become very quiet; and that he has found thallium in most of the fumerole sublimations (by spectral analysis) and, in some cases, a product rare in Vesuvius, viz., boric acid. On Phenanthren.-M. Hayduck.-Phenanthren crystallises in colourless, shining, occasionally rather large, crystalline scales; melts at 96°; begins to sublime at 100°; and passes over unchanged at higher temperatures. It is readily soluble in hot, and moderately in cold alcohol; and dissolves easily in ether, benzol, bisulphide of carbon, and glacial acetic acid. The solutions display a fine blue fluorescence. It dissolves with a green colour in concentrated sulphuric, and also in nitric acid. Ostermeyer and Graebe have observed that a sulphacid and a nitro compound are formed under these circumstances. A hydride of phenanthren is not formed even on the prolonged action of sodium amalgam upon the alcoholic solution. Its formula is C4H10, and its composition is as follows:-Carbon, 94'4; hydrogen, 56; total, 1000. The author has examined the picrate-phenanthren dibromide, C4H10Br2; bromphenanthren, C4H9Br; dibromphenanthren, C14H8Bг2; tribromphenanthren, C14H-Br; the chinon, C4H8O2; and the dibromchinon, C14H6Br2O2. From this compound the author attempted, though unsuccessfully, to obtain an isomer of alizarin. On Chlorosulphides of Carbon. — B. Rathke.— A lengthy paper, which does not readily admit of abstraction. Action of Amides upon CSC14 and CSC12.-B. Rathke. Also unsuitable for abstraction. Transformation of Nitric Compounds into Sulfon Acids.-B. Rathke.-On the prolonged digestion of nitroformendisulphon potassium, CH(NO2) (SO3K)2, in the water-bath the quantity of the salt decreases, and a salt is obtained which does not contain the nitro group. This salt has the composition of formentrisulphon potassium, CH(SO3K)3+H2O. new Researches on the Allyl Group; on ß-Bibromopropionic Acid.-G. Münder and B. Tollens.-A long and exhaustive paper not adapted for abstraction. Transformation of B-Bibrompropionic Acid into Acrylic Acid.-W. Caspary and B. Tollens.-The authors have prepared and examined the acrylates of silver, lime, strontia, and acrylic methyl-, ethyl-, and allyl-ethers. B. Tollens.-A lengthy theoretical paper. On Articles of Diet in General, and on the Value Human Food.-Max von Pettenkofer.-An important of Liebig's Extract of Meat as a Constituent of communication, to which we shall return on a future occasion. Dry Distillation of Formiate of Lime.-A. Lieben and E. Paterno.-The principal product obtained is methylic alcohol. Granier's Apparatus for Testing the Inflammability of Petroleum Oils destined for Lighting Purposes.Report by V. de Luynes.-A small cylindrical receiver, of metal, is closed by a movable lid, provided with a circular aperture in its centre. This receiver is filled to two-thirds its volume of the oil to be tested, so that there remains between the lid and the surface of the oil a space full of air, with which the inflammable vapours furnished by the oil may mingle. A tube, soldered to the bottom of the receiver, holds a wick, whose upper extremity is in the middle of the aperture in the lid, whilst a thermometer plunged in the oil gives its temperature. To make a test, the oil is poured into the receiver to the height required; the wick is saturated with it, and lighted. The oil of the wick, burning, heats the oil till the temperature is reached, when inflammable vapours are given off. A slight explosion then ensues; the wick is extinguished, and the degree on the thermometer is read off. Petroleum-oils sold for lighting purposes in France are required to be colourless, to weigh 300 grms. per litre, and not to inflame at temperatures below 35°. July 4, 1873. PATENTS. ABRIDGMENTS OF PROVISIONAL AND COMPLETE SPECIFICATIONS. An improved clinical thermometer. Henry Joseph François Hubert Foveaux, surgical instrument maker, 62, Strand, Middlesex. November 29, 1872.-No. 3591. This invention consists in making clinical thermometers with one or more flat sides, or placing projections thereon, to keep them from rolling upon any smooth or inclined surface upon which they may be placed, and thereby being broken. The construction preferred is a single flat surface to form the back, the front being semicircular or of any curve, this make combining with the security from rolling, due to the flat surface, the advantage of making the index appear more prominent. Improvements in magnetic therapeutic plasters. Philip William Seymour, Surrey Lane, Battersea, Surrey. November 29, 1872.-No. 3600. The invention consists in forming a therapeutic plaster of a composition of iron-filings and any suitable adhesive matter spread upon a woven fabric, said iron-filings being afterwards magnetised. We A new and improved method of and apparatus for staining or dyeing velvets and all other woven fabrics, and for producing designs and figures thereon. John Carter Ramsden, manufacturer, Smith House, Lightcliffe, Halifax, and James Marsland Tankard, worsted-spinner, Bowling Hall, Bradford. November 30, 1872.-No. 3616. utilise and apply, for the purpose of staining or dyeing pile fabrics or other similar goods, the different gases and vapours which arise from the slow combustion, decomposition, or distillation of the organic products of ligneous origin, or any other combustible from which the different hydrocarbon gases and volatile productions can be evolved. The gases and vapours are caused to pass into a receiver, within which condensation takes place, and a coloured deposit will be found upon the fabric placed therein. For producing patterns stencil plates or some similarly contrived patterns are laid upon the fabric, in which case the whole of the fabric will be coloured except where the patterns are. This method is applicable to other than pile fabrics. New and improved methods or processes of and apparatus for staining or dyeing fibrous filaments when in the raw or when in a partly prepared state. John Carter Ramsden, manufacturer, Smith House, Lightcliffe, Halifax, and James Marsland Tankard, worsted-spinner, Bowling Hall, Bradford. December 2, 1872.-No. 3620. The said fibrous filaments are first saturated either wholly or in part by some chemical solution, say of acetate of lead, dissolved in water, and are then placed in an air-tight chamber, and are acted upon by the gases and vapours arising from the slow combustion, decomposition, or distillation of the organic products of ligneous origin, or any other combustible from which the different hydrocarbon gases can be evolved after the manner described by us in a provisional specification filed in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 30th day of November, 1872. In some cases it will be found advisable to dispense altogether with the use of the said gases and vapours and the same receivers, and use as an equivalent bisulphide of carbon. The preparation of an extract from the berries of the mountain ash (pyrus) (German, Eberesche). Christian von Hennings, Hamburg. December 2, 1872.-No. 3628. The object of this invention is to prepare an extract from the berries of the mountain ash, suitable more especially for being used in cases of colds and influenzas. Improvements in the mode of and apparatus for preparing lime for the treatment of sewage. Major-General Henry Young Darracott Scott, C.B., and Thomas Walker Scott, Ealing, Middlesex. December 4, 1872.-No. 3670. The main object of our invention is to economise labour when treating sewage with lime for the purpose of defecation and utilisation. Tanks or vessels are used with stirring apparatus with horizontal or inclined arms, from which are suspended metal baskets or perforated boxes containing the lump lime. A new apparatus for distilling, concentrating, and evaporating. Farnham Maxwell Lyte, chemist, of the firm of Storck and Co.,Asnières, France. (A communication from Henri Storck, Edouard Hentsch, Auguste Hentsch, André Lutscher, and Fréderic Grininger, constituting the firm of Storck and Co., and Armand Decottegnie, manufacturer, Asnières, France). December 5, 1872.-No. 3685. The features of novelty of this invention consist essentially in distilling, evaporating, and concentrating liquids in improved apparatus, the principle of which consists in a mode of heating (under increased or diminished pressure, or in vacuo) certain cylindrical, conical, or rounded surfaces, and bringing the liquid to be treated into contact with those surfaces in thin streams or films, so that the liquids in passing over a large extent of heating surface may be rapidly distilled, evaporated, or concentrated. The heating surface is divided exteriorly into compartments, which retain the liquid in contact therewith until evaporation is completed. Analysis of Food, Water, and Air.- Mr. WANKLYN has opened a Laboratory at 117, Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, and is prepared to give Practical Instruction in Chemical Analysis to Medical Officers of Health, and to persons proposing to undertake the duties of Public Analysts under the new Act. North London School of Chemistry, Phar macy, &c.-Conducted by Mr. J. C. BRAITHWAITE, for thirteen years Principal Instructor in the Laboratories of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, and Demonstrator of Practical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Latin, &c. The Session 1872-1873 will commence on the 1st of October when The LABORATORY will be open at 10 a.m. for Instruction in Practical Chemistry as applied to Pharmacy, Medicine, Analysis, &c. Terms moderate. The CLASSES will meet as usual. The CHEMICAL and TOXICOLOGICAL CLASS on Monday and Thursday evenings at 8 p.m., commencing October 1st. The LATIN CLASS on Tuesdays and Fridays at 8 p.m., commencing October 2nd. The MATERIA MEDICA and BOTANICAL CLASS, every Wednesday and Saturday at 8 p.m., commencing October 3rd. The BOTANICAL GARDEN affords to Students desirous of acquiring a Practical Knowledge of Botany every facility for doing so. During the Season BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS are made every Saturday at 10 a.m. Fee to either of the above Classes Half-a-Guinea per Month. Pupils can enter at any period to either Classes or Laboratory. All Fees must be paid in advance. PRIVATE TUITION for the usual Examinations of the Society, the Modified Examination, &c. Letters of inquiry should be accompanied with a stamped envelope. Address 54, KENTISH TOWN ROAD, N.W. Royal Polytechnic Institution, 309, Regent now open. Street.-Laboratory (entirely re-fitted) and Class-Rooms are ASSAYS, ANALYSES and Investigations connected with PATENTS conducted. Pupils received for Class and Private Study. Special facilities are offered to persons preparing for GOVERNMENT EXAMINATIONS. Classes are now forming for Practical Study in CHEMISTRY STEAM, and PHYSICS. For particulars, apply to Professor E. V. GARDNER, F.A.S. M.S.A. at the Institution. Chemistry (Inorganic) 10 a.m. (Organic) Botany (Structural).. " 2 p.m. II a.m. 3 p.m. 4 p.m. 2 p.m. 9 a.m. 4 p.m. Materia Medica Pharmacy Classics (Junior) (Systematic).. (Senior) .. Laboratory open for Practical Chemistry from ro till 4. This School affords the most eligible opportunities for obtaining at once a rapid, complete, and practical knowledge of the subjects taught. All the fees are perpetual until the examination in view is passed without reference to time. Country Students visiting London are placed in Lodgings registered by the Secretary, where no impositions are permitted to be practised, and where the prices are all on a fixed moderate scale. For terms, apply to the Director, or to W. BAXTER, Secretary. 231 and 285, Kennington Road, S.E. MARTIN MURPHY, F.C.S., &c., Principal (Successor to the late A Special Laboratory is devoted to Commercial Analyses of every BERNERS COLLEGE of CHEMISTRY.- description, and to Mineral Assays. EXPERIMENTAL MILITARY and NAVAL SCIENCES, under the direction of Professor E. V. GARDNER, F.E.S., &c., of the late Royal Polytechnic Institution and the Royal Naval College. The Laboratory and Class Rooms are open from 11 to 5 a.m., and and from 7 to 10 p.m. daily. Especial facilities for persons preparing for Government and other examinations. Private Pupils will find every convenience. Analyses, Assays, and Practical Investigations connected with Patents, &c., conducted. For prospectus, &c., apply to Prof. E. V. G., 44, Berners-street, W. Patentees and Inventors Advised and Assisted. Works and Mines Inspected. The Erection of Manufacturers' Plant Supervised, &c. Terms and Fees VERY MODERATE. Further Particulars and Full Prospectus on application to The Principal, MARTIN MURPHY, F.C.S. &c. For or Sale.-A Set of Metallic Elements in Stoppered Bottles, appropriately labelled. Price, £6. May be seen at the CHEMICAL NEWS Office, Boy Court, Ludgate Hill, É.C, |