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on cooling like piperidine. The author concludes that it is a primary mono-amine of the formula

CIoH9
HN
H

Note on the Transit of Venus in 1882.-M. Pinseux. -The author gives a number of particulars as to the circumstances of observation. He points out that the shortest transit will be observed in the neighourhood of New York, and the longest (in accessible regions) in Terra del Fuego and adjacent islands, the difference of duration being about sixteen minutes. The most retarded ingress will be observed in Canada and New Britain; the most accelerated in the island of Kergualen, between which and Montreal the difference will be more than fifteen minutes. The most accelerated egress will be observed in the Antilles and Euzana; the most retarded in the eastern part of Australia, e.g., Sydney; the difference from the time of ingress being about fifteen minutes. The determination of parallax by observations of contact will be in less advantageous circumstances than in 1874. In the latter case, with accessible regions the differences of duration of transit reach twenty-six minutes, the differences of times of ingress twenty-one minutes, and those of times of egress eighteen minutes; while in 1882 the differences will be reduced, the first to sixteen and the two others to fifteen minutes. Instead of observing the hours of contact, however, the parallax might be deduced from measurements made during the transit, and giving at various instants either the angular distances of the centres of Venus and of the sun, or the angle of position of Venus. M. Puiseux illustrates these points.

NEWS

June 27,

| The writer makes these suggestions:-(1) For the first notice of the phenomenon use the ordinary spectroscope as for observation of protuberances; (2) having ascertained the ingress of Venus on the chromosphere mount the prism before the slit to obtain a distinct and direct solar image in the field of the spectroscope (an objective prism is preferable to a direct-vision prism); (3) for the second interior contact use either this method or the ordinary.

Trial during a Solar Eclipse of the New Spectroscopic Method Proposed for the Approaching Transit of Venus.-P. Secchi.-His method is as follows:-A highly dispersive direct-vision prism is placed about 25 c.c. before the slit of an ordinary spectroscope supported on the same tube. This gives in the plane of a slit a coloured image of the sun in the form of a very impure spectrum. The rays transmitted thence through the spectroscope form in the field of the small telescope a very distinct solar image, in which not only the border of the disc, but also the spots and the faculæ are quite visible. The sun is seen, in fact, as with coloured glass. When the image is received so that it is formed by red rays, then by putting the Fraunhofer line C near the sun's border at the exterior, one sees the chromosphere as a bright line separated from the solar disc by a distance equal to the height of the chromosphere; but one may at will displace this line according to the part of the chromosphere to be observed, even to contact with the sun's border. Hence, when the dark star covers the chromosphere in points situated in the field of the telescope, one will see this bright line interrupted, and be advised that the star approaches contact. One may then follow its movement by placing the slit near the border, and as the border itself is distinctly seen may estimate very exactly the instant in which (the line disappearing) the border of the dark star eats into the disc of the bright star. P. Secchi observed the recent eclipse thus, and found the results fully up to his expectations. P. Rosa and P. Ferrari also made observations at the same time; the former with a Weil refractor, magnifying 80 times, the latter with a Cauchoix telescope magnifying 120 times; and from comparison of the mean result with P. Secchi's it appears that first contact was anticipated by P. Secchi by 119 seconds, while the egress was retarded by 12.2 seconds; the method gives more precision. Comparing his results with those of M. Respighi, who used an ordinary spectroscope according to a method proposed by Zollner, P. Secchi finds M. Respighi in advance of him at the commencement and behind him at the close, the difference of duration being 34'2 seconds; but he gives reasons for thinking this result excessive; chiefly the sun's border seen by Zollner's method is imperfectly defined.

and Powdery Substances.-Second note by M. Ney Action of the Electric Fluid on Flames, Liquids, reneuf.-The writer examined flames containing no solid particles. In pure hydrogen there was a sensible attraction by a negative print; in carbonic oxide and sulphide of carbon the attraction was more maiked, and to both points. Alcohol behaves like ordinary gas. Retreat of the flame is most marked with essence of terebenthin If the electric point be directed (burnt in a lamp). normally to the surface of liquids in a conducting cylindrical capsule an umbilicus is produced for both fluids in water, oil, sulphide of carbon, essence of terebenthin. With badly conducting liquids, if one withdraws the point after having immersed it some millimetres, a liquid cone remains adherent as long as the electricity Few powders give distinct effects. The blue passes. sand used for drying with is best. Either electric point held a little way off produces centrifugal effects, while if the negative point be held very near there is a centrifugal On contact one may, as with liquids, aspiration. raise and maintain a cone of grains during passage of the

current.

the molecular theory of gases only the movements of Molecular Rotation of Gases.-M. Hinrichs.-In translation have been considered, and as if these molecules were small globes perfectly elastic; whereas they are composed of several atoms held at some distance from each other. The author deduces from mechanical laws that these non-globular molecules have a movement of rotation about the natural and principal axis, for which the moment of inertia of the molecule is a maximum. A knowledge of the moment of inertia of molecules has led him to calculate the boiling-points of isomers, and details will be given in his forthcoming work on molecular mechanics... 17

General Results of Analysis of the Glyserian Springs in the Island of San Miguel (Azores).-M. Fouqué.-Chemical analysis reveals in all the waters of San Miguel the original existence, but in various proportions, of saline compounds identical with those obtained by condensing the fumes of a volcano in action, or lixiviating cold lava; and also the presence of the most common volcanic gases.

Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, May 26, 1873. Arcmatic Amide Acids with Alcohol Radicals.Peter Griess.-The author has previously shown that in certain aromatic amide acids 1, and also 2 atoms of hydrogen can be easily replaced by alcohol radicals. He has since attempted to substitute a third atom in the same manner, and in some cases successfully. The compounds thus obtained differ very essentially from the amide acids previously described, and containing 1 or 2 atoms of an alcohol radical. The latter still possess the double attributes of acid and base, whilst the amido acids with 3 atoms of an alcohol radical have entirely lost the power of forming metallic salts, and, strictly speaking, cannot be classed as acids. They behave more like organic bases, and seem most closely connected with a little known class of basic bodies, to which Liebreich's oxyneurine and Scheibler's betaine, CHINO2, belong. The first of the compounds obtained, trimethyl-benzo-betain, CroHINO2, forms small white acicular crystals containing 1 atom of crystalline water, deliquescent in the air, insoluble in ether, very soluble in alcohol, of bitter taste, and without reaction upon vegetable colours. If heated alone to fusion

it is transformed into its isomer, dimethyl-amido-benzoic
acid-
(CO2CH3
4 [N(CH3)2

a liquid of faintly aromatic odour and yellowish colour,
insoluble in water. Another compound of this class,
trimethyl-anisbetaine, CH15NO3, forms large vitreous
prisms, containing 5 atoms of crystalline water. It is
easily soluble in water, especially if hot, sparingly in
alcohol, and insoluble in ether. At elevated temperatures
it is entirely resolved into dimethyl-amido-anisic acid

(CO2 CH3 C6H3 O CH3 N (CH3)2

a yellowish fluid of faint aromatic odour, insoluble in water, and boiling at 288°.

|

On Diallyl, and on Attempts to Prepare AllylBenzol.-R. Wagner and B. Tollens. - The authors have attempted unsuccessfully to substitute allyl for hydrogen in benzol. In course of their researches they obtained the tetrabromide of diallyl, C6H10Br4, in foursided prisms of camphor-like odour, and fusing at 62.5° to 63.5°. As its melting-point is given at 37° the cause of the discrepancy was examined. The authors prepared diallyl by Oppenheim's method (heating the allyl-iodide of mercury with solution of cyanide of potassium) and obtained a product boiling at 58° to 60°. On the addition of bromine a product was obtained, which behaved quite similarly to that prepared by means of the bromide of allyl.

Note on the Detection of Sulphur Compounds by Means of the Blowpipe.-B. Tollens.-One of the simplest methods of testing substances for sulphur compounds is to heat them upon charcoal with soda in the inner blowpipe flame. Remarkably enough it is nowhere pointed out that this test must be performed not with the flame of coal-gas but with an oil-lamp or a candle. Coalgas contains so much sulphur that soda upon which its flame has been driven for a minute blackens silver strongly, which is never the case with the flame of a candle. Crystallographic Examination of the Derivatives of Naphthalin.-C. Hintze.-The author, having undertaken a revision of Laurent's labours in the same field, which he pronounces "totally useless for science," remarks that in the substitution of chlorine for hydrogen in the tetrachloride of naphthalin the angles of one crystal zone (pp) remain almost equal, just as has been shown by Groth to be the case with the derivatives of benzol. Here also, therefore, the morpho-trophic action extends only in certain crystallographic directions, with the distinction that this action is stronger in the derivatives of benzol than with those of naphthalin. This fact agrees perfectly with Groth's view that the morpho-trophic action of a substance depends not alone on its chemical nature, but on the structure of the compound into which it enters by way of substitution. Elements are often isomophous in complex compounds, but not in those of more simple structure.

liquid state and then dries up to an amorphous mass. The copper salt of Franchimont's heptylic acid was likewise separated at first in little drops, which congealed to crystals. In other respects the compounds obtained by the authors were very similar to the corresponding salts of heptylic acid. Whether the distinctions observed in the cupric salts are essential must be determined by further experiment. Enanthylic acid indubitably belongs to the normal series, and as its aldehyde is readily obtained it forms the best material for preparing the normal heptyl compounds hitherto scarcely known."

Affinity of Bromine for Oxygen.-H. Baumhauer.— Thomsen, in an essay on the affinity of oxygen for chlorine, bromine, and iodine, has concluded from thermo-chemical determinations that-in opposition to the prevailing opinion-the affinity between the constituents of bromic acid is considerably less than that between the constituents of chloric acid. This result he pronounces unexpected. In fact several manuals of chemistry state that bromine expels chlorine from chloric acid with formation of bromic acid (see Roscoe's "Outlines of Chemistry"). The author heated a solution of chlorate of potassa with bromine, but on evaporating the residue no bromate could be detected. Neither was any bromate of potassa formed on allowing bromine water to act upon chlorate of potassa with the addition of a little nitric acid-an adjunct which, under parallel circumstances, promotes the formation of iodate of potassa. It seems, therefore, decided that the affinity between oxygen and bromine is less than that between oxygen and chlorine.

Contribution to the History of Sulpho-Urea.-M. Nencki.—If a cold saturated aqueous solution of sulphourea is mixed with a solution of cyanide of mercury in equivalent amount, a crystalline double salt is thrown down which, when washed and dried over sulphuric acid, yielded results agreeing with the formulaCSN2H4C2N2Hg.

This compound is sparingly soluble in cold water, and cannot be re-crystallised from hot water, since on heating the aqueous solution a black precipitate of sulphide of mercury is formed, and an odour of hydrocyanic acid is given off. If the solution is boiled till all sulphur is deposited the filtered liquid yields on evaporation crystals of dicyanamide. If sulpho-urea is gently heated with anhydrous acetic acid it dissolves and yields monoacetylic sulpho-urea in yellowish prisms, which can be obtained colourless by repeated crystallisation. Its composition is

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99'97

agreeing with the formula C3H6N2SO, or—
CS(C2H3O)H3N2.

This substance is readily soluble in alcohol and hot water,
sparingly in cold water and ether. It melts at 11.5° to a
colourless liquid. The aqueous solution has a neutral
reaction, and forms with the chloride of platinum a
crystalline salt sparingly soluble in water-
CS(C2H3O)H3N22HC1, PtC14.

If acetylic sulpho-urea is distilled with anhydrous phos-
phoric acid an oil of a pungent odour, heavier than water,
distils over.

Determination of Chloral.-V. Meyer and H. Haffter.

On Enanthylic Acid and Normal Heptyl Alcohol. -H. Grimshaw and C. Schorlemmer.-Comparative examination of the œnanthylic acid obtained from œnanthol and that prepared from normal heptane gave the following results. The ethylic ether of the acid from oenanthol is a liquid of a pleasant fruity smell, boiling at 186° to 188°. The barium salts of the two acids have the same crystalline form and the same solubility in water. The calcium-The authors remark that chloral hydrate is often found salts contain I atom of crystalline water, and are equally very impure, whence a simple and accurate method for its soluble, both forming slender needles arranged in tufts. quantitative examination becomes needful. With aqueous The copper salts are obtained as somewhat soft pre- solutions of alkalies chloral hydrate is completely resolved cipitates, which on standing become granular. They are into chloroform and alkaline formiate according to the insoluble in water, but soluble in absolute alcohol. On equation, C2C13H3O2+ NaOH=CHCl3+HCO2Na+H2O. evaporating the solutions the salt obtained from oenanthol I equivalent of chloral hydrate neutralises 1 equivalent of separates out in small green needles or prisms. On the soda, or 1655 grms. of the former require 1000 c.c. of other hand, that obtained from heptane separates first in a normal solution of soda. If, therefore, a weighed amount

of the sample under examination is mixed with a known excess of normal soda solution, and the remaining excess of soda is determined by titration with standard acid, the soda consumed and the corresponding amount of pure chloral hydrate are found by the equation

(a - b) 165'5

x=

grm.

1000

a denoting the number of c.c. of normal soda consumed,

If free

and b the c.c. of normal acid used for titration. hydrochloric acid is present as an impurity, it is neutralised by shaking up the aqueous solution with pure carbonate of lime, and expelling the free carbonic acid by prolonged agitation in the measuring cylinder.

Aromatic Phosphorus Compounds.-A. Michaelis. -Two of the aromatic phosphorus compounds, corresponding to those of nitrogen, are peculiarly interesting; phosphoraniline, PH2C6H5 and PO2C6H5, both of which had not been obtained. The author passed a mixture of the vapours of benzol and chloride of phosphorus through a glass tube filled with pieces of pumice, and heated nearly to redness. The distillate was returned, and again passed over until 1000 grms. of a liquid, boiling at temperatures higher than 80° was obtained. By fractional distillation a colourless liquid, PC12C6H5, was obtained, boiling at 222°. This substance -phosphenyl-chloride is a very permanent liquid, refracting light strongly, and fuming in the air with an intense odour resembling both phosphuretted hydrogen and hydrochloric acid. It affords the prospect of a new series of interesting aromatic

derivatives.

Behaviour of Ozone with Water.-C. Rammelsberg. -Schoenbein, Marignac, and Andrews pronounce ozone insoluble in water; whilst Soret, Meissner, and Houzeau maintain the opposite view. Carius proved that at low temperatures (0.5° to 5°) oxygen gas, rich in ozone, obtained by electrolysis, forms with water a liquid which gives the reactions of ozone. Engler and Nasse have also convinced themselves of the solubility of ozone. The author examines whether ozoniferous oxygen or air when passed at ordinary temperatures through water would give a liquid capable of producing the reactions of ozone. The result showed that when chlorine was absent the reaction with starch and iodide of potassium was obtained very slightly in one case only, and that with indigo and thallium salt not at all. The so-called "ozone water" of Krebs, Kroll, and Co. contains chlorine, and is pronounced by Dr. Jacobsen to be a dilute solution of hypochlorous acid.

Hydrates of Monobasic Acids.-A. Henninger.-A reply to Geuther's claim of priority for the theory of the hydrates of the fatty acids. He quotes the following formula which Geuther has given for acetic acid :

01 IV. H H2 CIV. OH с

Sequel to Investigations on some New Derivatives of Sulpho-Carbaminic Acid.-H. Hlasiwetz and J. Kachler. The authors have found that, with the exception of the aniline derivative, their results had been anticipated by Zeise in 1842.

Remarks on Petersen's Essay "On the Constitution of the Benzols." H. Salkowski.-A controversialtheoretical essay on the supposed position of the lateral groups in the derivatives of benzol.

Dyeing Straw Hats.-The articles are boiled in a mixture of 1 lb. sulphate of alumina, lb. prepared tartar, 1 lb. sulphuric acid, to which orchil, extract of indigo, and turmeric are added as required.

Occurrence of Arabic Acid (Gum) in the Sugar Beet, and on Gum-Sugar.-H. Scheibler.-This paper is not suited for abstraction. We shall endeavour to give it in full.

Carminate of Lime.-The compound of carminic acid-the colouring principle of cochineal-with lime is, according to Guignet, distinguished by its black colour There is consequently always a black precipitate formed from the other cochineal lakes, which are mostly violet.

when a decoction of cochineal comes in contact with a

solution of lime, or even with calcareous water. Pure carminic acid does not, indeed, precipitate gypsiferous water. The reason why decoction of cochineal produces this effect is because it is slightly alkaline. The black carminate of lime can be produced by mixing bicarbonate of lime in solution with decoction of cochineal. The black precipitate is probably neutral carminate of lime, insoluble in water and alcohol. An excess of lime colours the precipitate a deep violet. Concentrated acetic acid dissolves the precipitate with a deep red colour.

Reimann's Färber Zeitung, No. 18, 1873. This number consists chiefly of receipts for dyeing and printing upon woollen, cotton, silk, and mixed tissues.

No. 19.

same

The number commences with receipts for sizing linen, for producing ponceau and aniline blue on mohair yarns, superior black on cotton yarns, flamed effects on the material, deep madder red on wool, naphthalin yellow on woollen yarn, reddish drabs on wool, iodine green on woollen yarn, light and dark maize flesh colour and mulberry on cotton, pensé, crimson, Bismarck, drab, and grey on jute.

Black Spots in Grain Dyeing.-Traces of iron should

be carefully avoided in all operations with cochineal, as the compounds of this metal with carminic acid are black. Guignet's opinion that the black spots sometimes found on grain dyed goods are derived from carminate of lime is probably erroneous, as the flot in which these colours are dyed is so acid that any carminate of lime would be at once re-dissolved. Such spots the author considers due to iron present as an impurity in the tin mordants. Birls in Woollen Tissues. -To remove birls Descoubet saturates the cloth with steam,'and conducts it through a narrow slit into a chamber filled with hydrochloric acid gas. Here the cloth is passed several times up and down, and is then conducted into another chamber and dried at a somewhat elevated temperature. It is then run into an alkaline bath, which removes all traces of the acid that has destroyed the vegetable matter.

Aniline Red-Violet.-Hobrecker prepares a reddish aniline by treating rosaniline with iodide of methyl and chloride of benzyl, (C14H-CI). The metallic green acicular crystals, insoluble in water and sparingly soluble in cold alcohol, are rosaniline, in which 3 atoms of hydrogen are replaced by benzyl, C14H7, the whole being combined with I atom of iodmethyl.

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PATENTS.

ABRIDGMENTS OF PROVISIONAL AND COMPLETE

SPECIFICATIONS.

Improvements in utilising waste products obtained in the manufacture of phosphorus, and in the manufacture of certain metallic compounds

centrating the juice, by boiling the latter under pressure in a close vessel or vessels exposed to the direct application of heat, whereby fuel and labour are largely economised. The invention also comprises improvements in the vacuum-pans and other parts of the apparatus employed in the manufacture of sugar.

containing phosphorus. J. H. Flayer, manufacturer, Birmingham. Analysis of Food, Water, and Air. - Mr.

November 22, 1872.-No. 3501. This invention consists in utilising the gaseous phosphorus compounds obtained in the manufacture of phosphorus by passing the said gaseous compounds through a solution of sulphate of copper; by this treatment phosphide of copper is obtained. The invention further consists in adding phosphorus to copper and alloys of copper for the purpose of giving tenacity and other valuable properties thereto by the use of phosphide of copper instead of uncombined phosphorus, as commonly practised.

Improvements in the mode of and apparatus for treating horny and other analogous animal substances for the purpose of converting them into an elastic substance to be used in place of whalebone, bristles, and for other purposes for which such elastic substance may be applicable. W. Birch, engineer, Penrose Street, Walworth Road, Surrey. November 22, 1872.-No. 3503. The treatment to which the horny substance is subjected (to effect the object of this invention) is a combination of a chemical and mechanical process. The chemical process, which consists in steeping the horny substance in an infusion of sage leaves or plants of that class, is used to soften the substance, and the subsequent mechanical operation is either to flatten, roll out, and extend or mould the softened horny matter, or to disintegrate it into thread.

Improvements in the filtration and purification of fluids, and in the manufacture of manure. David Curror, Wester Craigduckie, Fifeshire, and James Dewar, 15, Gilmore Place, Edinburgh. November 25, 1872. -No. 3529. The features of novelty which constitute this invention are-So using and applying peat (in its natural state, or after being dried or partially carbonised, and either by itself or mixed, or in connection with chalk, lime, sand, earth, or aluminous clay) as a filtering medium or as a discolourising, deodorising, defecating, disinfecting, or absorbing agent or material, that (1) colouring matters in suspension or solution are retained or absorbed, and the fouled water greatly discolourised, clarified, deodorised, defecated, and disinfected, and (2) that the peat (when the fluid passed through it has contained nitrogenous matters) is converted into a valuable manure. This is effected by artificial filtration, the filter bed being made up of ordinary filtering material with a layer or layers of peat of the required thickness laid

on the surface of it.

Improvements in_manuring, disinfecting, and deodorising. James

WANKLYN has opened a Laboratory at 117, Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, and is prepared to give Practical Instruction in Chemical Analysis to Medical Officers of Health, and to persons proposing to undertake the duties of Public Analysts under the new Act.

North London School of Chemistry, Phar

macy, &c.-Conducted by Mr. J. C. BRAITHWAITE, for thirteen years Principal Instructor in the Laboratories of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, and Demonstrator of Practical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Latin, &c.

The Session 1872-1873 will commence on the 1st of October when

The LABORATORY will be open at 10 a.m. for Instruction in Practical Chemistry as applied to Pharmacy, Medicine, Analysis, &c. Terms moderate.

The CLASSES will meet as usual.

The CHEMICAL and TOXICOLOGICAL CLASS on Monday and Thursday evenings at 8 p.m., commencing October 1st. The LATIN CLASS on Tuesdays and Fridays at 8 p.m., commencing October 2nd.

The MATERIA MEDICA and BOTANICAL CLASS, every Wednesday and Saturday at 8 p.m., commencing October 3rd. The BOTANICAL GARDEN affords to Students desirous of acquiring a Practical Knowledge of Botany every facility for doing so. During the Season BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS are made every Saturday at 10 a.m.

Fee to either of the above Classes Half-a-Guinea per Month. Pupils can enter at any period to either Classes or Laboratory. All Fees must be paid in advance.

PRIVATE TUITION for the usual Examinations of the Society, the Modified Examination, &c.

Letters of inquiry should be accompanied with a stamped envelope. Address-54, KENTISH TOWN ROAD, N.W.

Raymond Belford, Clifton, Gloucester. November 25, 1872.-No. 3533. Royal Polytechnic Institution, 309, Regent

This specification describes a manure, and disinfecting and deodorising compound, being a combination of the different salts of ammonia, potash, and soda, sulphates, phosphates, silicates, muriates, &c., in the several proportionate amounts required for the full development of all crops, together with a certain quantity of mineral acids and various phenyl compounds, sulphites, and other antiseptics.

A new or improved industrial manufacture of acetate of alumina, and the treatment of the resulting products. Farnham Maxwell Lyte, chemist, of the firm of Storck and Co., Asnières, France. (A communication from Henri Storck, Edouard Hentsch, Auguste Hentsch, André Lutscher, and Frederic Grininger, constituting the firm of Storck and Co., Asnières, France). November 26, 1872.-No. 3552. The feature of novelty of this invention refers to the manufacturing of acetate of alumina. In carrying out this invention I convert phosphate of alumina into acid phosphate by dissolving it into phosphoric acid. To the liquor I add some acetate of lead in proportionate quantity to that of phosphoric acid therein, that is to say, containing enough lead to precipitate the whole phosphoric acid. Soluble acetate of alumina and unsoluble phosphate of lead are formed. I separate the acetate of alumina by filtration, which I treat afterwards similarly to that obtained by double decomposition with sulphate of alumina for industrial purposes. As to the phosphate of lead, I use it to produce pure phosphoric acid, decomposing it by sulphuric acid or sulphuretted hydrogen, or a phosphate is formed thereof in treating it by an alkaline sulphide, or it may be mixed with charcoal for producing phosphorus by distillation. Improved process of treating and purifying crude phosphoric acid, and in the production of soluble phosphates, also for the manufacture and phosphate of alumina. Farnham Maxwell Lyte, chemist, of the firm of Storck and Co., Asnières, France. (A communication from Henri Storck, Edouard Hentsch, Auguste Hentsch, André Lutscher, and Frederic Grininger, constituting the firm of Storck and Co., Asnières, France). November 28, 1872.-No. 3585. The features of novelty of this invention consist-First. In the production of sulphuric acid from phosphoric acid, and certain of its compounds by means of barium and its salts. Second. In the application of phosphoric acid (purified according to this invention) to the manufacture of phosphate of sodium, phosphate of ammonia, and other phosphates, and its employment, as well as the residues in manufactures. Third. In the manufacture of a paste wherewith to charge retorts in the manufacture of phosphorus; the paste is made by evaporating barytated phosphoric acid, and mixing therewith pounded phosphorite or bone-earth and charcoal, and subjected to distillation.

Street.-Laboratory (entirely re-fitted) and Class-Rooms are

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of phosphorus, and the treatment of certain residues resulting therefrom, THE

Improvements in the manufacture of sugar, and in apparatus to be used therefor. Alfred Vincent Newton, 66, Chancery Lane, Middlesex. (A communication from Santiago Dod, Havana, Cuba). November 28, 1872.-No. 3588. One part of this invention, which relates to the manufacture of sugar from either the sugar-cane or beet-root, consists in the generation of the steam used in sugar-works (including the supply of the clarifiers, also the working of the pump or pumps, and, if desired, the driving of the engine or engines employed) from the juice itself as a substitute for water, in or during the earliest stages of con

For prospectus, &c., apply to Prof. E. V. G., 44, Berners-street, W LIVERPOOL COLLEGE OF CHEMISTRY, 96, DUKE STREET, LIVERPOOL. Specially Devoted to the Study of CHEMISTRY, TECHNOLOGY and ASSAYING.

Laboratories open throughout the Year.

MARTIN MURPHY, F.C.S., &c., Principal (Successor to the late Dr. SHERIDAN MUSPRATT).

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INSULATED

NEWS

ELECTRICAL WIRES.

J. & W. RICKARD,

ASHBOURNE ROAD MILLS, DERBY,

Manufacture all kinds of Silk and Cotton-Covered Copper Wires. Thorough Insulation. Conductivity go per cent guaranteed. Price List on application.

GERMAN SILVER WIRES IN SILK OR COTTON COVERING TO ORDER.

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And every other Mercurial Preparation.

BISULPHITE OF LIME, TETRACHLORIDE OF CARBON.

Oxysulphuret of Antimony, Glacial Acetic Acid,

LIQUOR AMMONIÆ,

SULPHIDE OF IRON,

PURE ACIDS,

CHLORIDE OF SULPHUR,

ACETONE,

CHLOROFORM,

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Makers of every description of Chemical, Colliery, Copper Ore, Gold
Mining, and Glass Machinery, including Crown, German Sheet, and
Plate Glass Plant, as supplied to some of the largest Firms in England,
Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.

Makers of the latest Improved Revolving Black Ash Furnace, with Siemens's Patent Gas Arrangement, and as used in the Manufac ture of Soda.

Improved Valveless Air Engines, and Pumps for Acid Forcing, Air
Agitators, Compressors for Collieries, and Weldon's Patent Chlorine
Process.

Caustic, Chlorate, Decomposing, and Oxalic Pans.
Gas Producers for Heating Furnaces.

Pyrites Burners for Irish, Norwegian, and Spanish Ores.
Retorts, Acid, Gas, Nitre, Nitric Acid, and Vitriol Refining.
Improved Steam Superheaters for Resin Refining, &c.
Improved Steam Sulphur Pans.

Photographs, and other information, supplied on receipt of Orders.

Chloride of Calcium (Purified Muriate of Lime),

total insoluble impurities under per cent.

CHLORIDE OF BARIUM (Muriate of Baryta), free from Iron and Lead, total impurities, water excepted, under per cent GASKELL, DEACON, & CO.,

ALKALI MANUFACTURERS WIDNES, LANCASHIRE.

Silicates of Soda and Potash in the state of

Soluble glass, or in CONCENTRATED SOLUTION of first quality, suited for the manufacture of Soap and other purposes, supplied on best terms by W. GOSSAGE and Sons, Widnes Soapery, Warrington.

London Agents, CLARKE and COSTE, 19 and 20, Water Lane, Tower Street, E.C., who hold stock ready for delivery.

IEBIG COMPANY'S EXTRACT of MEAT.

on the Trade-mark label and outer cover. Pure condensed Essence of
Beet Tea, excellent economic flavouring stock for soups, sauces, and
made dishes.
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HORSELEY FIELDS CHEMICAL WORKS,

WOLVERHAMPTON,

Illustrate "Lyell's Elements of Geology," and facilitate the important study of Mineralogy and Geology, can be had at 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, to 500 guineas; also single specimens of Minerals, Rocks, Fossils, and Recent Shells. Geological Maps, Hammers, all the recent publications, &c., of J. TENNANT, Mineralogist to Her Majesty, 149, Strand.-Private Instruction is given in Geology and Mineralogy by Mr. Tennant, F.R.G.S., at his residence, 149, Strand, W.C.

PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY. Laboratory, 60, Gower Street, Bedford Square, W.C.

Mr. Henry Matthews, F.C.S., is prepared

to give Instruction in all branches of PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY, particularly in its application to MEDICINE, AGRICULTURE, and COMMERCE.

The Laboratory is open daily, except Saturday, from ten t five o'clock; on Saturday, from ten till one o'clock.

Mr. Matthews is also prepared to undertake ANALYSES of every description.

For Particulars and Prospectuses, apply to Mr. Henry Matthews the Laboratory, 60, Gower Street, Bedford Square, W.C.

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