pressed together. The waterproofing composition above described is applicable to the protection of iron from rust and also to the coating of vessels and articles made according to this invention. In making floor-cloth the "cementing composition" is mixed with silicate pigments, cotton fibres, spent dyewoods, and ground cork and spread on the felt. In making tesselated floor-cloth or imitation parquetry the sheets of felt are saturated with the cementing composition and coloured according to the pattern required. The pieces constituting such pattern are then cut out and affixed to a sheet of felt or canvass by means of the cementing composition. In making circular and other shaped receptacles, tubs, "skips," boxes, tanks, and cisterns, a shape is made by cementing brown paper on a suitable mould. The shape is then coated with the cementing composition and when dry coated with the plastic composition hereinbefore described, after which it is again dried and pressed and finished by coating with the waterproof composition. Where great strength is required, strips of calico are affixed around the vessel. The waterproofing and cementing compositions herein before described are applicable to the preservation of iron ships. Improvements in artificial fuel, part of which improvements having reference to the means or apparatus employed in the manufacture of the same. Edward Joseph William Parnacott, engineer, Leeds. November 6, 1872.-No. 3292. The employment of powdered, dissolved, or liquefied waste caoutchouc or gutta-percha for fuel either separately or in combination with other substances such as clay, road mud, fine riddlings or small coal or dust of coke, also shale, peat, and sawdust; these are thoroughly mixed or agglomerated in a pugmill, and afterwards moulded into any required form in a brickmachine of ordinary construction, and afterwards dried. the Royal Astronomical Society. By Francis Baily, Esq., Vice-President of the Society. London. 1843. P. 43. The torsion-rod is never at absolute rest, but is constantly in a state of vibration on its centre; and consequently when the end of it is viewed at a distance with the telescope, it appears to oscillate on each side of a mean point, called the resting point." "This resting point, however, is by no means permanent or stationary, and seldom remains in the same position for any length of time, even when the torsion-rod is not influenced by the approach of the masses. The extent and direction of its disturbance, as well as its rate of motion when so disturbed, are very variable, and seem to depend on causes which have not been sufficiently accounted for, but which may in some measure arise either from slight changes of temperature, or some latent alteration in the component parts of the suspension line." P. 44"... It must be confessed, however, that discordances sometimes arise which cannot wholly be attributed to change of temperature, but to some other occult influence with which we are at present unacquainted." P. 64. Seeing that the results came out nearly the same, with the same balls, in whatever way the experiments were varied, I next tried the same plan with the glass balls, the single results of which had been somewhat more discordant, and the mean result somewhat greater, than the results obtained by the other balls. I was agreeably surprised at finding the single and daily results in such good accordance with each other, although I was still at a loss to account for the slight difference which still existed between the results with these balls and the heavier ones." "I next tried what the result would be with balls made of a substance still lighter than that of glass. I therefore affixed the 2 inch ivory balls. the mean result agrees very well with the general result of the experiments previously made with the 2 inch lead balls; although it is somewhat less than that deduced from the experiments made with the glass balls, which was contrary to my expectations." . The mean result was still • P. 65. Conceiving that there might be some unexplained cause even for this slight discordance, I resolved to repeat the experiments under the same circumstances. less than in the former series. I am unable to account for the cause of this discordance in any other way than by the known fact that in all cases, where the deviation is so small, a slight variation in the position of the resting point makes a considerable difference in the resulting density. .. But, in the present instance, the single and daily results are in very good accordance with each other. Some other varying force, therefore, would seem to be in operation. "Wishing however to ascertain whether a similar diminished result would be produced by a repetition of the experiments with the glass balls, I again submitted them to another trial. the mean result showed that the same diminished difference had here also been produced as with the ivory balls; and for the cause of which I cannot account in any other way than that to which I have just alluded." P. 67. "I am still however unable to assign any satisfactory reason why the mean result of these heavy balls should be so much less than that of the lighter balls. There is nothing on the face of the experiments that indicates any cause for a suspicion of error, and therefore we must look for some other explanation." MEETINGS FOR THE WEEK. MONDAY, 9th.-Geographical, 8.30. TO CORRESPONDENTS. Vol. XXVI. of the CHEMICAL NEWS, containing a copious index, is now ready, price 11s. 4d., by post, 12s., handsomely bound in cloth, gold lettered. The cases for binding may be obtained at our office, price 1s. 6d. Subscribers may have their copies bound for 2s. 6d. if sent to our office, or, if accompanied by a cloth case, for s. Subscribers wishing to complete their sets of volumes are requested to apply to the publisher, who will give them information respecting scarce numbers and volumes. Vol. xxvii. commenced on Jan. 3rd, and will be complete in twenty-six numbers. READING CASES, price is. 6d. each, post free, may also be obtained at the Office. D. McPherson.-See No. 683. BOOKS RECEIVED. 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Wholesale and Export Dealers and Manufacturers of CHEMICAL & SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS, Illustrated Catalogue post free on application. 4 JUN When the action of hydrochloric acid at 100°, or slightly higher, (the liquid being kept very gently boiling) is carried on for a longer time methyl chloride is evolved; but after a time this ceases, and after 10 hours or so all the codeine has become converted into a mixture of two ON THE ACTION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID isomeric bases of composition intermediate between that ON CODEINE. // By C. RUA, WRIGHT, D.Sc., Lecturer on Chemistry in St. Mary's Hospital Medical School. of morphine and that of " apomorphine." One of these bases is soluble in ether, and yields crystalline salts much resembling those of apomorphine; the other is insoluble in ether, and belongs apparently to the tetra series. IN a former paper, written in conjunction with E. L. The product of 10 hours' action of hydrochloric acid Mayer (Chem. Soc. Journ., [2] xi., 211), it has been shown was precipitated by sodium carbonate, well drained on that when morphine is treated with hydrochloric acid at filters, and digested with ether. The ethereal solution 100 the first action that takes place is, apparently, the agitated with hydrochloric acid gave a crystalline hydroaddition of the elements of hydrochloric acid; the sub-chloride, which gave the following numbers after retraction of the elements of water taking place subsequently, crystallisation :— bases being formed of the composition (M=C34H36N2O5) (P). M+HCI (Q). M+HCI-H2O (R). M+2HC1-2H2O A base homologous with the last one has been obtained In physical properties this exactly resembled "chlorocodide" hydrochloride: but on analysis it yielded numbers indicating the presence of a less chlorinated base as well 0'3005 grm. gave 0.673 CO2, and 0.166 H2O These numbers agree with the composition-- as above mentioned 0'3065 grm. gave 0·7380 CO2 (H2O lost). From its physical properties it appears probable that ths base forming the crystalline hydrochloride belongs to the series of derivatives from the double polymerides (dicodeine, "apomorphine," &c.); hence it is viewed as having a C68 formula, and as possessed of the composition of the "diapo" derivative of (hypothetical) dimorphine, i.e., as M2-2H2O. Hence it may be conveniently termed diapo-dimorphine. Similarly, the isomeric base insoluble in ether produced simultaneously evidently belongs to the tetra series, and hence may be conveniently termed tetrapo Hence, writing C for C36H42N2O6, the formation of tetramorphine, having the composition M4-4H2O, and a these bases may be expressed thus: C136 formula. Both compounds give a blood-red colouration with nitric acid, a lighter evanescent red with sulphuric acid and potassium dichromate, and a dirty purple with ferric chloride. They may be viewed as produced by the mutual reaction, polymerisation, and demethylisation of the two bases first formed by the action of hydrochloric acid on codeine, viz., the homologues of (P) and (R) similarly obtained from morphine. (C+HCI) + (C+2HCl −2H2O) + HCl = Homologue of P. "Chlorocodide." =4CH3C1 + (M2-2H2O) Diapodimorphine, 2(C+HCI) + 2(C+2HCl −2H2O)+2HCl= Homologue of P. Dimorphine. Tetrapodimorphine. "Chlorocodide." + where CM+2CH2 = M +2CH3 − H2, i.e., where codeine is dimethylated morphine. It has been formerly shown by the late A. Matthiesen and the writer that when either "chlorocodide" or codeine is heated to 140° to 150° under pressure with excess of strong hydrochloric acid methyl chloride is formed, and apomorphine apparently identical with that from morphine is produced. It thus appears that the action of hydrochloric acid on codeine at 100° is different from that at 140° to 150°, the elements of two proportions of water (per C68) being removed in the first case, and Name of Base. Relation to Morphine. Tetramorphine. Diapotetramorphine. Tetrapotetramorphine. Octapotetramorphine. (M4-4H2O) Tetrapotetramorphine. Carbon Hydrogen.. Bromine M2. M2-2H2O. M2-4H2O. M4. M4-2H2O. M4-4H2O. M4-8H2O. Di Series. (?) Produces profuse salivation, but no vomiting (cats). Moderately powerful emetic (cats). Very powerful emetic (man). Tetra Series. 0.3410 grm. gave 0·6310 CO2 and 0.158 H2O. 0*3000 19 O 2205 AgBr. These numbers agree with the composition 11 2(C+HBr),2HBr+(C+2HBr-2H2O),2HBr. Bromocodide. Very powerful emetic (cats). Do. do. (cats and dogs). Produces profuse salivation, but no vomiting (cats). Neither salivation nor vomiting produced (cats). Calculated. Found. 50'47 50'47 5'15 5'14 31'15 31.27 Whence it appears that the first action of hydrobromic acid on codeine is perfectly parallel with that of hydrochloric acid; it has already been shown, however (Proc. Roy. Soc., xix., 371, 504), that the further action of hydrobromic acid gives rise to products not identical with those formed by means of hydrochloric acid whether acting at 100° or at higher temperatures. From its physical properties, it appears probable that the "deoxycodeine" thus formed belongs to the dicodeine series, i.e., its formula contains C72; whilst the "bromotetracodeine" simultaneously produced is a tetra base, i.e., its formula contains C144: the formation of these two bases may, then, be explained by the following equation:— Proc. Roy. Soc., xvii., 460 ; xviii., 83. Dr. J. G. Blackley. Drs. Gee and Stocker. Dr. Stocker. Dr. J. G. Blackley. Do. 8(C+HBr)2HBr+2(C+2HBr-2H2O),2HBr=8HBr+ Bromocodide. +(C2+H8−4H2O),4HBr+2(C4—H4+2HBr),8HBr. Deoxycodeine. Bromotetracodeine. This reaction is different from that formerly given (loc. cit.), where the action was supposed to consist, at any rate partly, in the replacement of bromine by hydroxyl; it now appears more probable that this replacement does not take place, the hydroxyl group being subtracted from a portion of the formula different from that to which the bromine symbol is added. The table on next page represents the relation to codeine and morphine of the derivatives obtained up to this time from codeine; inasmuch as the "apomorphine" obtained from codeine by the action of hydrochloric acid at 140° to 150° appears to be identical with that derived from mor. phine under the same or other conditions, whilst the bases obtained by the action of hydriodic acid and phosphorus from codeine and morphine appear to be identical also, the conclusion may be drawn that codeine is actually dimethylated morphine, i.e.,C=M+2CH3 – H2. All these derivatives may be regarded as formed by the addition of the elements of m proportions of hydriodic, hydrochloric, or hydrobromic acid to, and the subtraction of n proportions of water from, a polymeride either of codeine or of morphine, or a base derived from one or other of these by the addition or subtraction of hydrogen; in short, all of these derivatives (together with those obtained from morphine as starting-point, and tabulated in a previous paper [Journ. Chem. Soc., II., xi., 211]) may be included in one or other of the two formula (C±Hp)x+mHX-,H,O Matthiessen and Wright, Froc. Roy. Soc., xvii., 460; xviii,, 83. Wright, ibid., xix., 371, 504; xx., 8, 278. |