The Dilemma of Freedom and ForeknowledgeThis original analysis examines the three leading traditional solutions to the dilemma of divine foreknowledge and human free will--those arising from Boethius, from Ockham, and from Molina. Though all three solutions are rejected in their best-known forms, three new solutions are proposed, and Zagzebski concludes that divine foreknowledge is compatible with human freedom. The discussion includes the relation between the foreknowledge dilemma and problems about the nature of time and the causal relation; the logic of counterfactual conditionals; and the differences between divine and human knowing states. An appendix introduces a new foreknowledge dilemma that purports to show that omniscient foreknowledge conflicts with deep intuitions about temporal asymmetry, quite apart from considerations of free will. Zagzebski shows that only a narrow range of solutions can handle this new dilemma. A compelling contribution to the field, The Dilemma of Freedom and Foreknowledge will appeal to students and scholars of theistic philosophy and the philosophy of religion. |
Contents
3 | |
2 The Boethian Solution | 36 |
3 The Ockhamist Solution | 66 |
4 Foreknowledge Causal Relations and Subjunctive Conditionals | 98 |
5 The Molinist Solution | 125 |
6 Two More Solutions of My Own | 153 |
A New Foreknowledge Dilemma | 181 |
NOTES | 189 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 205 |
INDEX | 213 |
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Common terms and phrases
accidental necessity accidentally necessary act at 13 actual world Adams affairs Alvin Plantinga antecedent Anthony Kenny Aquinas argued aseity B-theory Barbara next Thursday believes at t1 Boethian Boethian solution Boethius causal necessity causal relation causally contingent causally necessary Chapter choice claim compatibilist counterexample counterfactual conditional counterfactually depend counterfactuals of freedom deny divine foreknowledge entails essentially omniscient example existence expressed false Flatland foreknower foreknowledge dilemma foreknowledge problem Freddoso future contingents go to Santa God's belief God's foreknowledge God's knowing God's knowledge God's past beliefs Hasker infallible intuition Jones kind of necessity logical fatalism Marilyn Adams metaphysical middle knowledge modal Molinist necessary truth necessity per accidens Necessity Principle object Ockham Ockhamist ontological past and future philosophers plausible possible worlds potency power to bring present prior reason Section seems sense soft fact Spaceland strictly equivalent subjunctive conditionals suppose theological fatalism things Thomistic timelessly Transfer of Necessity
Popular passages
Page 2 - I formed them free, and free they must remain, Till they enthrall themselves: I else must change Their nature, and revoke the high decree Unchangeable, eternal, which ordained Their freedom, they themselves ordained their fall.
Page 2 - What pleasure I from such obedience paid, When will and reason (reason also is choice) Useless and vain, of freedom both despoil'd, Made passive both, had serv'd necessity, Not me ? They therefore, as to right belong'd, So were created, nor can justly...
Page 174 - Their experience will be that of a circular obstacle gradually expanding or growing, and then contracting, and they will attribute to growth In time what the external observer in three dimensions assigns to motion in the third dimension. Transfer this analogy to a movement of the fourth dimension through three-dimensional space. Assume the past and future of the universe to be all depicted in four-dimensional space and visible to any being who has consciousness of the fourth dimension. If there is...
Page 47 - Now although contingent events come into actual existence successively, God does not, as we do, know them in their actual existence successively, but all at once; because his knowledge is measured by eternity, as is also his existence; and eternity, which exists as a simultaneous whole, takes in the whole of time. . . . Hence all that takes place in time is eternally present to God...
Page 16 - Although it is impossible accidentally for the past not to have been, if one considers the past thing itself, as, for instance, the running of Socrates; nevertheless, if the past thing is considered as past, that it should not have been is impossible, not only in itself, but absolutely since it implies a contradiction. Thus, it is more impossible than the raising of the dead...
Page 38 - His knowledge, too, transcends all temporal change and abides in the immediacy of His presence. It embraces all the infinite recesses of past and future and views them in the immediacy of its knowing as though they are happening in the present. If you wish to consider, then, the foreknowledge or prevision by which He discovers all things, it will be more correct to think of it not as a kind of foreknowledge of the future, but as the knowledge of a never ending presence. So that it is better called...
Page 15 - Socrates is just," and the like. Other propositions are about the present as regards their wording only and are equivalently about the future, since their truth depends on the truth of propositions about the future. Where such (propositions) are concerned, the rule that every true proposition about the present has corresponding to it a necessary proposition about the past is not true [pp.
Page 3 - I have a deep desire to know how it can be that God knows all things beforehand and that, nevertheless, we do not sin by necessity. Whoever says that anything can happen otherwise than as God has foreknown it, is attempting to destroy the divine foreknowledge with the most insensate impiety. If God foreknew that the first man would sin — and that anyone must concede who acknowledges with me that God has foreknowledge of all future...
Page 21 - Facts whose effects have disappeared altogether, and which even an omniscient mind could not infer from those now occurring, belong to the realm of possibility. One cannot say about them that they took place, but only that they were possible. It is veil that It should be so.