SHINAR, N. of Mefopotamia. The city is now called SINJIAR. taken from the Turks by the Venetians in 1686, and has two large cifterns of fine water. It is 8 miles N. of Cliffa, and 16 N. of Spalatro. (1.)* To SING. v. v. n. preterite I fang or fung; t participle paf. fung [frgan, Sax. fingia, landick; finghen, Dutch. To form the voice to me. lody; to articulate mufically. Orpheus with his lute made trees, Shak. Shak. Our tradefmen finging in their shops. Shak. -The morning stars jung together. Job-Then fhall the trees of the wood fing out, 1 Chron. xvi. 33 Some in heroick verfe divinely fing. Dryden. 2. To utter fweet founds inarticulately.-The time of the finging of birds is come. Cant. ii. 12. -You will fooner bind a bird from finging than from flying. Bacon. Join voices, all ye birds, That finging up to heav'n's gate afcend. Milt. And finging birds, in filver cages hung. Ovid. The captive bird that fings within thy bow'r. Pope. 3. To make any small or thrill noife.-A man may bear this shower fing in the wind. Shak. Fly with falle an; pierce the till moving air, That fings with piercing. We hear this fearful tempe? fing, Sung innocent. 4. To tell in poetry.— Shak. Shak. Pope. Rais'd from earth, and fav'd from paffion, fing. (2.)* To SING. v. a. in poetry. Of great Meffiah fing. 'Prior. 1. To relate or mention Milton. Ifing the man who Judah's feeptre bore. Corley. Arms and the man I fing. Dryden. Well might he fing the day he could not fear. Smith. 2. To celebrate; to give praises to in verse.→ The laft, the happiest British king. Whom thou shalt paint or I fhall fing. Addifon. j. To utter harmoniously.— He fings them over as they were gods and goddeffes. Shak. -Sing us one of the fongs of Zion. Pf. cxxxvii. 3. How could we to his godhead fing? Milton. SINGÆI, an ancient nation on the borders of Thrace and Macedonia. (1) SIN GAN, a city of China of the 1ft rank, in Chen-fi, the largest and finest in the empire, except Peking. It is built on a great plain, and is the refidence of the governors of Chan-fi and Se-tchuen. It comprehends 6 cities of the ad rank, and 31 of the 3d. It was anciently the feat of the emperors, and is fill very populous. The walls are is miles in circuit, nearly fquare, fortified with towers, and furrounded with a deep ditch. The gates are high and magnificent. It has a great frade, and lies 510 miles SW. of Pekin. Lon. 126. 15. E. Ferro. Lat. 35. 14. N. (2.) SIN GAN, a town of China, of the 3d rank, in Pe-tche-li, 22 miles ENE. of Pao-ting. SINGARA, a city and river of the ancient Brotun. They leave a finged bottom all involv'd. Milton. finged the toes of an ape through a burningglass. L'Etrange Thus riding on his curls, he feem'd to pafs A rolling fire along, and finge the grass. Dryd. (.) SINGER. n. f. [from fing] One that fings; one whofe profeffion or bulinets is to ling. His filching was like an unfkilful finger. Shak. I gat me men fingers and women fingers Eccl. ii. 8.-To the chief finger. Hab. in.-Cockbirds among the finging birds are ever the better fingers. Bacon. Now my trait'rous fong Wuller. Thofe cheerful fingers know not why They should make any hafte to die. Waller. -The Grecian tragedy was at first nothing but a chorus of fingers. Dryden. (2.) SINGERS, in the temple of Jerufalem, were a number of Levites employed in finging the praifes of God, and playing upon inftruments before his altar. They had no habits diftinct from the reft of the people yet in the ceremony of removing the ark to Solomon's temple, the chanters appeared dreffed in tunics of byfius or fine linen. 2 Chron. v. 12. SINGESECKEN, a town of Norway, in Drontheim, 46 miles SSW. of Drontheim. SINGH, in Indian mythology. See SPHINX No II. SINGILIEV, a town of Ruffia, in Simbirkoe, on the Volga, 24 miles S. of Simbirsk. (1.) SINGING, n. f. part. the action of making divers inflections of the voice, agreeable to the ear, and correspondent to the notes of a fong or piece of melody. (See MELODY.) The first thing to be done in learning to fing, is to raife a fuale of notes by tones and femitones to an octave, and defcend by the fame notes; and then to rife and fall by greater intervals, as a third, fourth, fifth, &c. and to do all this by notes of dif ferent pitch. Then these notes are reprefented by lines and spaces, to which the fyllable fa, sol, la, mi, are applied, and the pupil taught to name each line and fpace thereby; whence this practice is called fol-faing, the nature, reafon, effects, &c. whereof, fee under SOLFAING. (2.) SINGING OF BIRDS. It is worthy of obfervation, that the female of no fpecies of birds ever fings; with birds it is the reverse of what occurs in human kind. Among the feathered tribe, all the cares of life fall to the lot thing done as it fhould be, if it be wrought by an agent singling itself from conforts. Hooker. 3. To take alone. Many men there are, than whom nothing is more commendable when they are sin gled. Hooker. 4. To separate.-Hardly they herd, which by good hunters singled are. Sidney. SINGLENESS. n. s. (from single.] Simplici ty; fincerity; honeft plainness.-It is not the deepness of their knowledge, but the singleness of their belief, which God accepteth, Hooker.Men muft go through their business with singleness of heart. Law. * SINGLY. adv. [from single.] 1. Individual. ly; particularly. Every one of them is wholly guilty of the injustice, and therefore bound to reftitution singly and entirely. Taylor.-They tend to make men singly and personally good. Tilletfon. 2. Only; by himself. Look thee, 'tis fo; thou singly honeft man, Here take. 3. Without partners or affociates. Shak. At ombre singly to decide their doom. Pope. 4. Honeftly; fimply; fincerely. SINGO, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, on the coaft of the Gulf of Monte Santo. Lon. 24. o E Lat. 40. 13. N. SINGON, an island near the coast of Sweden, in the entrance of the Gulf of Finland. Lon. 18. 44. E. Lat. 60. 8. N. SINGOR, a fea port town of Asia, in Siam, on the coaft of Malacca. Lon. 119. o. E. Ferro. Lat. 6. 40. N. SINGROWLA, a circar of Hindoftan, in Allahabad, SW. of Bahar. (1.) * SINGULAR. adj. [singulier, Fr. singularis, Latin. 1. Single; not complex; not compound.-That idea which reprefents one particular determinate thing is called a singular idea, Watts. 2. In grammar.] Expreffing only one; not plural. If St Paul's fpeaking of himself in the first perfon singular has fo various meanings, his ufe of the first perfon plural has a greater latitude. Locke. 3. Particular; unexampled.Denham. -Doubtless, if you are innocent, your cafe is extremely hard, yet it is not singular. Fem. Quix. 4. Having fomething not common to others. It is commonly used in a fenfe of disapprobation, whether applied to perfons or things.His zeal So singular a fadness. Milton. None feconded, as singular and rash. It is very commendable to be singular in any excellency; to be singular in any thing that is wife and worthy, is not a difparagement, but a praife. Tillotson. 5. Alone; that of which there is but one. These bufts of the emperors and empresses are all very scarce, and some of them almoft singular in their kind. Addison. (2) SINGULAR NUMBER, in grammar. GRAMMAR, under ENGLISH LANGUAGE. See lot of the tender fex; theirs is the fatigue of incubation; and the principal fhare of nurfing the helpless brood; to alleviate these fatigues, and to fupport her under them, nature hath given to the male the fong, with all the little blandishments and foothing arts; thefe he fondly exerts (even after courtship) on fome spray contiguous to the neft, during the time his mate is performing her parental duties. But that the fhould be filent is alfo another wife provifion of nature, for her fong would discover her neft; as would also a gaudinefs of plumage, which, for the same reason, seems to have been denied her. On the fong of birds feveral curious emperiments and obfervations have been made by the Hon. Daines Barrington. See Phil. Tranf. vol. Ixiii. and SONG, § 5. *SINGINGMASTER. N. s. [sing and mafter.] One who teaches to fing.-He employed an itinerant singingmafter to inftruct them. Addifon. *SINGLE. adj. [singulus, Lat.] 1. One; not double; not more than one.-Their originals are of single fignification. South.Some were single acts. Dryden. A single concord in a double name. Dryden. Addison. Where the pcefy or oratory fhines, a single reading is not fufficient. Watts. 2. Particular; individual. No single man is born with a right of controuling the opinions of all the reft. Pope.-If one single word were to exprefs but one fimple idea, and nothing elfe, there would be scarce any mif. take. Watts. 3. Not compounded.-As fimple ideas are oppofed to complex, and single ideas to compound, fo propofitions are diftinguished; the learned languages have no ufual word to diftinguish single from fimple. Watts. 4. Alone; having no companion; having no affistant. Servant of God, well haft thou fought Pygmalion Single chofe to live. Dryden. 6. Not complicated; not duplicated.--Double flowers, by not removing, prove single. Bacon. 7. Pure; uncorrupt; not double-minded; fimple. A fcriptural fenfe.-If thine eye be single, thy whole body fhall be full of light. Matt. vi. 22. 8. That in which one is oppofed to one. He, when his country's threaten'd with alarms, Shall kill the Gaulish king in single fight. Dryden. *To SINGLE. v. a. [from the adjective.] 1. To chufe out from among others.— How he singled Clifford forth. Shak. -Dogs hereby can single out their mafter in the dark. Broaun. Do'st thou already single me? Milton. With a fmile thy mother single out. Dryden. Single the lowlieft of the am'rous youth, Prior. 2. To fequefter; to withdraw.-I fee not any * SINGULARITY. n. s. Įsingularité, Fr. from singular.] 1. Some character or quality by which one is distinguished from all, or from most others. -Pliny addeth this singularity to that foil, that the fecond year the very falling down of the feeds yieldeth corn. Raleigh. 2. Any thing remarkable; à curiofity; uncommon character or form.Your gallery Have we pafs'd through, not without much content, Shak. In many singularities. -I took notice of this little figure for the singu larity of the inftrument. Addison. 3. Particular privilege or prerogative.-St Gregory, being him felf a bishop of Rome, and writing against the title of univerfal bishop, faith thus: None of all my predeceffors ever confented to use this un godly title; no bishop of Rome ever took upon him this name of singularity. Hooker.-Catholicifm must be understood in oppofition to the legal singularity of the Jewish nation. Pearson. 4. Character or manners different from thofe of others. -The spirit of singularity in a few ought to give place to publick judgment. Hooker.-Singularity in this matter is a fingular commendation of it. Tillotson.-Singularity in fin puts it out of fashion. South. To SINGULARIZE. v. a. [se singulariser, Fr. from singular.] To make fingle. * SINGULARLY. adv. [from singular.] Particularly; in a manner not common to others. Singularity can neither daunt "nor difgrace him, unless we could fuppose it a disgrace to be singularly good. South. SINGULIS, in ancient geography, a river of Spain, running into the Guadalquiver. SINGULT. n. s. [singultus, Latin.] A figh. Spenser. intent? Hooker.-The duke of Clarence was foon Brought forth by night, with a sinister birth. (2.) SINISTER is ordinarily used among us for unlucky; though, in the facred rites of divination, the Romans used it in an oppofite fense. Thus, avis sinistra, or a bird on the left hand, was efteemed a happy omen: whence, in the law of the twelve tables, Ave sinistra populi magister esto. (3.) SINISTER, in heraldry. The finifter fide of an efcutcheon is the left hand fide; the finifter chief, the left angle of the chief; the finifter base, the left hand part of the base. (4.) SINISTER ASPECT, among aftrologers, is an appearance of two planets happening according to the fucceffion of the figns; as Saturn in Aries, and Mars in the fame degree of Gemini. SINISTRI, a fect of ancient heretics, thus called because they held the left hand in abhorrence, and made it a point of religion not to receive any thing SINGUS, an ancient town of Macedonia. SINIAWADE, a river of Poland, in Podolia, which runs into the Bog, 40 miles ESE. of Koniecpolk. SINIGAGLIA, a fea-port town of Italy, in Urbino, in the Pope's dominions, on the Adriatic. It has four churches and fix convents; and is 28 miles ESE. of Urbino. SINJIAR, the ancient SINGARA, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in Diarbekir; 20 m. W. of Moful. SINISI, a town of Naples, in the province of Bafilicata: 10 miles SW. of Turfi. (r.) SINISTER. adj [sinister, Latin.] 1. Being on the left hand; left; not right; not dexter. It feems to be used with the accent on the fecond fyllable, at leaft in the primitive, and on the firft in the figurative fense. My mother's blood Runs on the dexter cheek, and this sinister Shak. -Captain Spurio, with his cicatrice here on his sinister cheek. Shak. * SINISTROUS. adj. [sinister, Latin.] Abfurd; perverfe; wrong-headed: in French gauche.-A knave or fool can do no harm, even by the most sinistrous and absurd choice. Bentley. * SINISTROUSLY. adv. [from sinistrous.] 1. With a tendency to the left.-Many in their infancy are sinistrously difpofed. Brown. 2. Perverfely; abfurdly. *SINK. n. s. sinc, Saxon.] 1. A drain; a jakes.— 2. Should by the cormorant belly be reftrain'd, Divers kennels flow to one sink. Hayward.- Granville. Swift. Any place where corruption is gathered.- Our foul, whofe country's heav'n, and God Into this world, corruption's sink, is fent. Donne. (1.) To SINK. v. n. pret. I sunk, anciently sank; part. sunk or sunken. [Sencan, Saxon; senken, German.] 1. To fall down through any medium; not to fwim; to go to the bottom. Sunken wreck and fumlefs treasuries. Shak. to to sink toget er. Addison. 2. To fall gradually.ment, confifting of the furplufage of other funds, He sunk down in his chariot. 2 Kings ix. 24. 3. intended to be ar propriated to the payment of To enter or penetrate into any body.-The ftone the national debt; on the credit of which very sunk into his forehead. 1 Sam. xvii. 49. 4. To large fums have been borrowed for public ufes. lofe height; to fall to a evel. See NATIONAL DEBT and REVENUE.. 6. To be overwhelmed or depreffed.Our country sinks beneath the yoke. They arraign'd thall sink Beneath thy fentence. arms. Dryden. Shak. Milton. Then let me sink beneath proud Arcite's Dryden. 7. To be received; to be impreffed.-Let thefe fayings sink down into your ears. Luke ix. 44.Truth never sinks into thefe mens minds. Locke. 8. To decline; to decrease; to decay. Sinks in minutes which in ages rofe. Dryden. -This repúblick is ftill likelier to sink than increase in its dominions. Addison.-Let not the fire sink. Mortimer. 9. To fall into reft or indolence. Wouldst thou have me sink away? Addison. 10. To fall into any state worse than the former; to tend to ruin. Nor urg'd the labours of my lord in vain, A sinking empire longer to fuflain. Dryden. (2.) To SINK. v. a. 1. Ta put under water; to disable from fwimming or floating. A fmall fleet of English made an hoftile invafion, and fired, sunk, and carried away 10,000 ton of their great fhipping. Bacon. 2. To delve; to make by delving. At Saga in Germany they dig up iron in the fields by sinking ditches two feet deep. Boyle. In this fquare they sink a pit. Addison. 3. To deprefs; to degrade. Prior. I raise or sink, imprison or set free. -Trifling painters bestow infinite pains upon the moft infignificant parts of a figure, till they sink the grandeur of the whole. Pope. 4. To plunge into deftruction. Shak. If I have a confcience, let it sink me, Ev'n as the ax falls, if I be not faithful. 5. To make to fall. They overturn fome, and undermine others, sinking them into the abyss. Woodward. 6. To bring low; to diminish in quantity. You sunk the river with repeated draughts. Addison. 7. To crush; to overbear; to deprefs.-If you will not grant the first of these will sink the fpirit of a hero, you'll at leaft allow the fecond may. Pope. 8. To diminish; to degrade.-They catch at all opportunities of ruining our trade, and sinking the figure which we make. Addison.-I mean not that we should sink our figure out of covetoufnefs. Rogers. 9. To make to decline.Thy cruel and unnatural luft of power Has sunk thy father. Roave. To labour for a sunk corrupted state. Lyttleton. 10. To fupprefs; to conceal; to intervert.-If you happen to be out of pocket, sink the money, and take up the goods on account. Swift. SINKING FUND, a provision made by parlia SINKING SPRING VALLEY, an extenfive valley of Pennfylvania, 200 miles NW. of Philadelphia, abounding with ftones, lead ore, &c. It is named from feveral of the largelt freams in it sinking, and, after a fubterraneous paffage of several miles, rifing again. Of thefe, the principal is called the Arch Spring, which is 30 feet broad, and has a natural arch of Itone over it. *SINLESS. adj [from sin.] Exempt from fin.- Inhabited, though sinless, more than now Milton. Satt'st unappall'd in calm and sinless peace. Milton. No thoughts like mine his sinless foul profane, Obfervant of the right. Dryden, Did God, indeed, infift on a sinless and unerring obfervance of duties. Rogers. * SINLESSNESS. n. s. [from sinless.] Exemp tion from fin.-The sinlessness of whofe condition will keep them from turning his vouchsafements into any thing but joy and gratitude. Boyle. SIN LO, a town of China, in Pe-tche-ii. (1.) SINN, a river of Germany, in Franconia, which runs into the Maine near Gemunden. (2.) SINN, a river of Afiatic Turkey, in Diarbekir; 40 miles SE. of Diarbek. SINNACHA, an ancient town of Mesopotamia, where Craffus was killed during his conference with Surenas. See PARTHIA, § 6. * SINNER. n. 5. {from sin.] 1 One at enmity with God; one not truly or religiously good.Let the boldeft sinner take this one confideration along with him. South-Never confider yourselves but as poor sinners. Laqu. 2. An offender; a criminal-Here's that which is too weak to be a sinner, honeft water. Shak. The pale sinner with her fifters takes. Dryden. Whether the charmer sinner it or faint it, If folly grows romantick, I must paint it. Pope. To SINNER. v. a. To act as a finner; to fis. Dr Johnton feems not to have obferved that in the above quotation Mr Pope ufes both sinner and saint as active verbs. SIN-NOO, or in the fabulous hiftory of China, SIN NUM, the fecond emperor of the Chinefe, between whom and Fo-H1, the first emperor, there is an interval, or chronological chaẩm, of 18,oco years! Yet Voltaire and other modern philofophers, who question the truth of the Scripture hiftory, give full credit to thefe fabies, and appeal to them as proofs that our world is much older than the Mofaic history makes it. Fo-hi, according to the Chinese, having founded their empire 21,000 years before the Chriftian era, SinNoo (if a real character) must have lived goco years before that period. By F. Du Halde he is called Chin-Nong, and ranked the next monarch after after Fo-hi. He is faid to have taught mankind agriculture and other useful arts. He was fucceeded by his fon Hoam, or as Du Halde calls him, Hoang Ti. From all these circumftances, the learned Dr Bryant concludes, that Sin-Noo is the fame with Noaн, and Hoam, the same with HAM. And in farther proof of this, he quotes the ancient hiftory of Japan, which mentions SynMu as the founder of their monarchy. SINO, or SEUNO, a river of Naples, which runs into the Gulf of Tarentum; 7 miles E. of Torfi. SINOB, a fea port town of Afiatic Turkey, in Natolia, in the fangiacate of Kiutaja, on the coaft of the Black Sea, on the ifthmus of a peninfula, with two good harbours, and a flourishing trade. Near it are mines of copper. It was anciently called SINOPE; and lies 280 miles E. of Conftantinople. Lon. 33. 55. E. Lat. 41. 5. N. SINOFFERING. 7. s. [sin and offering.] An expation or facrifice for fin.-It is a sinoffering. Exod. xxix. 14. SINOCH, a town of Hindostan in Bednore; 50 miles SE. of Bednore, and go NW. of Seringapatam. Lon. 75. 50. E. Lat. 13. 50. N. SINON, in ancient hiftory, a fon of SISYPHUS, who accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, where he diftinguished himself more by his frauds and villanies, than by his merits. By fuch means, however, the Greeks became victors, after their 10 years fiege of Troy. The Greeks having completed their famous wooden horfe, as a facred prefent to the gods of Troy, Sinon fled to the Trojans, with his hands bound behind his back, pretending to have juft escaped from being facrificed by them; affured Priam, that they had juft failed for Afia, and advised him to admit their farewel prefent of the wooden horfe. Priam, giving him full credit, admitted the horse, and at night Sinon completed his perfidy, by opening that machine and letting out the armed Greeks, who admitted their fellow foldiers, maffacred the people, and burnt the city. See TROY. Famous as the Trojan war has been, chiefly through the merit of Homer's poem on it, the capture and deftruction of that unfortunate city, by fuch complicated treachery and hypocrify, redound nothing to the honour of the Grecian beroes. (1.) SINOPE, in fabulous hiftory, a daughter of the river god Afopus, who was beloved by Apollo, who carried her off to the coaft of Afia Minor, where the bore a fon to him named SYRUS, and gave her name to the town, N° 2. (2) SINOPE, in ancient geography, a fea port town of Alia Minor, in Pontus, founded by a colony of Milefians. It was long independent, and became famous as the birth place of DIOGENES, the Cynic philofopher. It was afterwards feized by Pharnaces, king of Pontus, and Mithridates the Great made it his capital. (Strabo, 2. Mela, 1. c. 19. Diod. 4.) It is now called SINOB. (3.) SINOPE, the ancient name of SINUESSA. SINOPER, or SINOPLE. n. 3. [terra pontica, Latin.] A fpecies of earth; ruddle. Ainsworth. SINOPICA TERRA, in ancient mineralogy, a red earth of the ochre kind, called alfo rubrica sisapica, and by fome authors sinopis., It is very VOL. XXI. PART 1. clofe, compact, and weighty, of a fine glowing purple colour. It is of a pure texture, but not very hard, and of an even but dufty surface. It adheres firmly to the tongue, is perfectly fine and fmooth to the couch; does not crumble easily between the fingers; stains the hands; melts flowly in the mouth; is perfectly pure and fine, of an auftere aftringent tafte, and ferments violently with aquafortis. It was dug in Cappadocia, and carried for fale to SINOPE, whence its name. It is now found in plenty in New Jersey, in America, and is called by the people there bloodstone. Its fine texture and body, with its high florid colour, muft make it very valuable to painters; and from its aftringency it will probably be a powerful medicine. (1.) SINOPLE, n. s. in heraldry, denotes vert, or green colour in armories.-Sinople is used to fignify love, youth, beauty, rejoicing, and liberty; whence it is that letters of grace, ambition, legitimation, &c. are always fealed with green wax. (2.) SINOPLE. See SINOPER. (3.) SINOPLE, RUDDLE, or REDDLE, in mineralogy. See MINERALOGY, Part II. Chap. IV. Class 1. Gen. II. Sp. 1. SINOPOLI, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra; 5 miles SW. of Oppido. SINOVIA, or SYNOVIA. n. s. a mucilaginous fluid in the joints of animals, intended to facilitate motion by lubricating the parts. (See ANATOMY, Index.) "The only analysis of finovia, (fays Dr Thomfon, in his Syst. of Chem. vol. iv. p. 423-425.) which has hitherto appeared, is that by Mr Margueron, which was published in the 14th vol. of the Annales de Chimie. He made ufe of finovia obtained from the joints of the lower extremities of oxen. The finovia of the ox, when it has juft flowed from the joint, is a vifcid femitransparent fluid, of a greenish white colour, and a fmell not unlike frog fpawn. It very foon acquires the confiftence of jelly, whether it be kept in a cold or a hot temperature, whether expofed to the air or excluded from it. This consistence does not continue long; the finovia foon recovers its fluidity, and depofits a thready-like matter. Sinovia mixes readily with water, and imparts to it a great deal of vifcidity. The mixture froths when agitated; becomes milky when boiled, and depofits fome pellules on the fides of the dish; but its vifcidity is not diminished. When alcohol is poured into finovia, a white substance precipitates, which has all the properties of albumen; Ico parts of finovia contain 4'52 of albumen. The liquid ftill continues as vifcid as ever; but if acetous acid be poured into it, the vifcidity disappears altogether, the liquid becomes tranfparent, and depofits a quantity of matter in white threads, which poffefs the following properties; 1. It has the colour, fmell, tafte, and elafticity of vegetable gluten. 2. It is foluble in concentrated acids and pure alkalies, 3. It is foluble in cold water; the folution froths; acids and alcohol precipitate the fibrous matter in flakes; 100 parts of finovia contain 11.86 of this matter.. When the liquid, after thefe fubftances have been feparated from it, is concentrated by evaporation, it B depofits |